OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING SITE MAP: HOME OF SAFETY, HEALTH, AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

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4-Very Flammable
3-Readily Ignitable
2-Ignite with Heat
1-Combustible
0-Will Not Burn

HEALTH HAZARD

4-Deadly
3-Extreme Danger
2-Hazardous
1-Slightly Hazardous
0-Normal Materials

REACTIVITY HAZARD

4-May Detonate
3-Shock & Heat May Detonate
2-Violent chemical Change
1-Unstable if Heated
0-Stable

SPECIAL HAZARD

OX-Oxidizer
ACID-Acid
ALK-Alkali
COR-Corrosive
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SOP-01: STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT; WADING TECHNIQUE
- 1. Visually check wading rod, current meter (pygmy or AA types), and headsets for damage. Repair damage to equipment and replace batteries in headsets as necessary.
- 2. Evaluate reach of stream to determine type of meter necessary to make flow measurement. For shallow, low velocity streams, use a pygmy-type current meter; for relatively deep, higher velocity streams, use a standard AA-type meter.
- 3. Perform spin test on selected meter; the cups on the pygmy meter should spin continuously for at least 30 seconds; on the AA meter, the cups should spin for at least two minutes. If the current meter fails the spin test, lubricate and adjust as necessary to achieve desired results.
- 4. Attach current meter and head set to wading rod. Check the electric connection between the current meter and headset by spinning cups on the current meter and listening for clicks in the head phone. Adjust equipment as necessary such that a clear click is heard upon every revolution of the cups.
- 5. Anchor surveyor's tape tautly across the stream perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and attach on either side of the stream. Provide at least one foot of clearance between the water surface and surveyor's tape.
- 6. Divide the cross-section of the stream into 20 to 30 partial sections based on values noted on the surveyor's tape denoting edge of water on each side of the stream. Concentrate partial flow measurement sections in areas of the stream cross-section containing the majority of flow so that no one section contains more than 5% of the flow.
- 7. Person wading in stream calls out to data recorder on shore the location of the first measuring point with respect to the surveyor's tape. Person in stream measures water depth at that vertical, using wading rod, to the nearest one-hundredth of a foot, if possible.
- 8. Data recorder calls out height(s) above the streambed at which velocity measurements are to be made. If the water is more than 2.5 feet deep, measurements should be made at 20 and 80 percent of the water column height. For water columns less than 2.5 feet deep, a single measurement of velocity at 40 percent of the water column height will suffice. Person wading adjusts height of current meter on the wading rod accordingly.
- 9. Person wading stands downstream of the surveyor's tape, facing upstream, holding the wading rod vertical in the water with the current meter facing directly into the current. Person should not stand directly behind the meter but either to the left or right so as not to influence velocity readings.
- 10. Person wading counts clicks at each vertical for a minimum of 40 seconds and calls final tally of both number of clicks and time to data recorder. Click count should correlate with velocity chart provided with each meter.
- 11. Repeat procedure at each vertical.
- 12. Data recorder reduces data on-site and records other appropriate information on the field form.

SOP-01: STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT; WADING TECHNIQUE
1. Visually check wading rod, current meter (pygmy or AA types), and headsets for damage. Repair damage to equipment and replace batteries in headsets as necessary.
2. Evaluate reach of stream to determine type of meter necessary to make flow measurement. For shallow, low velocity streams, use a pygmy-type current meter; for relatively deep, higher velocity streams, use a standard AA-type meter.
3. Perform spin test on selected meter; the cups on the pygmy meter should spin continuously for at least 30 seconds; on the AA meter, the cups should spin for at least two minutes. If the current meter fails the spin test, lubricate and adjust as necessary to achieve desired results.
4. Attach current meter and head set to wading rod. Check the electric connection between the current meter and headset by spinning cups on the current meter and listening for clicks in the head phone. Adjust equipment as necessary such that a clear click is heard upon every revolution of the cups.
5. Anchor surveyor's tape tautly across the stream perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and attach on either side of the stream. Provide at least one foot of clearance between the water surface and surveyor's tape.
6. Divide the cross-section of the stream into 20 to 30 partial sections based on values noted on the surveyor's tape denoting edge of water on each side of the stream. Concentrate partial flow measurement sections in areas of the stream cross-section containing the majority of flow so that no one section contains more than 5% of the flow.
7. Person wading in stream calls out to data recorder on shore the location of the first measuring point with respect to the surveyor's tape. Person in stream measures water depth at that vertical, using wading rod, to the nearest one-hundredth of a foot, if possible.
8. Data recorder calls out height(s) above the streambed at which velocity measurements are to be made. If the water is more than 2.5 feet deep, measurements should be made at 20 and 80 percent of the water column height. For water columns less than 2.5 feet deep, a single measurement of velocity at 40 percent of the water column height will suffice. Person wading adjusts height of current meter on the wading rod accordingly.
9. Person wading stands downstream of the surveyor's tape, facing upstream, holding the wading rod vertical in the water with the current meter facing directly into the current. Person should not stand directly behind the meter but either to the left or right so as not to influence velocity readings.
10. Person wading counts clicks at each vertical for a minimum of 40 seconds and calls final tally of both number of clicks and time to data recorder. Click count should correlate with velocity chart provided with each meter.
11. Repeat procedure at each vertical.
12. Data recorder reduces data on-site and records other appropriate information on the field form.

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SOP-02: STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT; BRIDGE METHOD
- 1. Visually check proper working order of all equipment necessary for a bridge measurement of stream discharge using a crane and reel including the crane, reel, cable, base, and standard AA meter. Replace or repair parts as necessary.
- 2. Perform spin test on current meter in accordance with SOP-01. Attach current meter to cable and check for an electric connection between headset and current meter. Adjust as necessary to obtain a definable click in the headphone upon each revolution of the current meter's cups.
- 3. Stretch a surveyor's tape along the downstream edge of the bridge at a location which is readily visible.
- 4. Divide the cross-section of the stream into 20 to 30 partial sections. Concentrate partial sections in areas of greatest flow.
- 5. Move current meter and crane to first measuring point at the midpoint of the first partial section. Lower meter to water surface and note depth on reel. Lower meter to streambed and subtract difference to calculate depth of water column.
- 6. Data recorder calls out height(s) at which velocity measurements are to be made. If the depth of water is greater than 2.7 feet, measurements should be made at 20 and 80 percent of the water column height. For water columns less than 2.7 feet deep, a single measurement of velocity at 40 percent of the water column height is adequate. Adjust depth of current meter accordingly.
- 7. Weights are attached below the current meter to keep the meter relatively vertical. Different size weights are used based on stream velocities, ranging from 30#c to 100#c.
- 8. Person measuring streamflow counts clicks at each vertical for a minimum of 40 seconds and calls final tally of number of clicks and corresponding time to data recorder.
- 9. Adjust calculated velocity for the angle the bridge makes to the stream at each vertical, if applicable.
- 10. Repeat procedure at each vertical.
- 11. Data recorder reduces data on-site and records other pertinent information on field form.

SOP-02: STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT; BRIDGE METHOD
1. Visually check proper working order of all equipment necessary for a bridge measurement of stream discharge using a crane and reel including the crane, reel, cable, base, and standard AA meter. Replace or repair parts as necessary.
2. Perform spin test on current meter in accordance with SOP-01. Attach current meter to cable and check for an electric connection between headset and current meter. Adjust as necessary to obtain a definable click in the headphone upon each revolution of the current meter's cups.
3. Stretch a surveyor's tape along the downstream edge of the bridge at a location which is readily visible.
4. Divide the cross-section of the stream into 20 to 30 partial sections. Concentrate partial sections in areas of greatest flow.
5. Move current meter and crane to first measuring point at the midpoint of the first partial section. Lower meter to water surface and note depth on reel. Lower meter to streambed and subtract difference to calculate depth of water column.
6. Data recorder calls out height(s) at which velocity measurements are to be made. If the depth of water is greater than 2.7 feet, measurements should be made at 20 and 80 percent of the water column height. For water columns less than 2.7 feet deep, a single measurement of velocity at 40 percent of the water column height is adequate. Adjust depth of current meter accordingly.
7. Weights are attached below the current meter to keep the meter relatively vertical. Different size weights are used based on stream velocities, ranging from 30#c to 100#c.
8. Person measuring streamflow counts clicks at each vertical for a minimum of 40 seconds and calls final tally of number of clicks and corresponding time to data recorder.
9. Adjust calculated velocity for the angle the bridge makes to the stream at each vertical, if applicable.
10. Repeat procedure at each vertical.
11. Data recorder reduces data on-site and records other pertinent information on field form.

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SOP-03: SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
EQUAL DISCHARGE INTEGRATED SAMPLING
- 1. Visually check DH-48 or D-74 sediment sampler for damage. Replace or repair parts as necessary.
- 2. Decontaminate all parts of sediment sampler utilized including nozzle, body, gasket, sample bottle, and handle using the procedure outlined in SOP-11.
- 3. Following streamflow measurement, and utilizing the same tag line or surveyor's tape stretched across the stream, divide the stream into four or more sections of equal discharge based on stream gaging results. At the mid point of each equi-discharge section, lower the sediment sampler into the stream with one continuous motion making sure the sample handle is vertical. Lower the sediment sampler to the streambed at a rate based on the rating curve for the nozzle size used and the velocity of the stream. The sample bottle should be just under half full upon encountering the streambed. Raise the sampler at a rate similar to the descent rate. The sample bottle should not be completely full upon removal from the stream. Pour contents of sediment sample bottle into a churn splitter or into an appropriately sized compositing container.
- 4. Repeat procedure for the other equal discharge sections identified, composite collected samples into the churn splitter.
- 5. Mix composite sample in the churn splitter and fill total metals and acid soluble metals first.
- 6. Fill out appropriate field form documenting sample location, time, and other pertinent information prior to leaving sampling site.
GRAB SAMPLING
- 1. Decontaminate sampling container in accordance with SOP-11.
- 2. Locate sampling site at a point in the stream exhibiting greatest flow and/or highest velocity.
- 3. Submerge sample container at sampling point such that mouth of container is under water surface 2 to 3 inches if possible. Allow container to fill partially; rinse container by shaking and discharge this water. Repeat this procedure three times.
- 4.Collect sample and transfer into compositing container. Transfer water from compositing container into sampling bottles.
- 5.Fill out appropriate field form(s) documenting sample location, time, and other pertinent information prior to leaving sampling site.
SURFACE SAMPLING
- 1.This sampling procedure is to be used when sampling for organic constituents that float on top of water (e.g. oil and grease).
- 2.Decontaminate sampling container in accordance with SOP-11. The sampling container should be a wide mouth jar.
- 3. Submerge the sampling container in such a manner that leaves the mouth of the container 1/2 out of the water. Wait for container to fill.
- 4.Transfer directly into sampling bottles.
- 5.Fill out appropriate field form(s) documenting sampling location, time and other pertinent information prior to leaving the sampling site.

SOP-03: SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
EQUAL DISCHARGE INTEGRATED SAMPLING
1. Visually check DH-48 or D-74 sediment sampler for damage. Replace or repair parts as necessary.
2. Decontaminate all parts of sediment sampler utilized including nozzle, body, gasket, sample bottle, and handle using the procedure outlined in SOP-11.
3. Following streamflow measurement, and utilizing the same tag line or surveyor's tape stretched across the stream, divide the stream into four or more sections of equal discharge based on stream gaging results. At the mid point of each equi-discharge section, lower the sediment sampler into the stream with one continuous motion making sure the sample handle is vertical. Lower the sediment sampler to the streambed at a rate based on the rating curve for the nozzle size used and the velocity of the stream. The sample bottle should be just under half full upon encountering the streambed. Raise the sampler at a rate similar to the descent rate. The sample bottle should not be completely full upon removal from the stream. Pour contents of sediment sample bottle into a churn splitter or into an appropriately sized compositing container.
4. Repeat procedure for the other equal discharge sections identified, composite collected samples into the churn splitter.
5. Mix composite sample in the churn splitter and fill total metals and acid soluble metals first.
6. Fill out appropriate field form documenting sample location, time, and other pertinent information prior to leaving sampling site.
GRAB SAMPLING
1. Decontaminate sampling container in accordance with SOP-11.
2. Locate sampling site at a point in the stream exhibiting greatest flow and/or highest velocity.
3. Submerge sample container at sampling point such that mouth of container is under water surface 2 to 3 inches if possible. Allow container to fill partially; rinse container by shaking and discharge this water. Repeat this procedure three times.
4.Collect sample and transfer into compositing container. Transfer water from compositing container into sampling bottles.
5.Fill out appropriate field form(s) documenting sample location, time, and other pertinent information prior to leaving sampling site.
SURFACE SAMPLING
1.This sampling procedure is to be used when sampling for organic constituents that float on top of water (e.g. oil and grease).
2.Decontaminate sampling container in accordance with SOP-11. The sampling container should be a wide mouth jar.
3. Submerge the sampling container in such a manner that leaves the mouth of the container 1/2 out of the water. Wait for container to fill.
4.Transfer directly into sampling bottles.
5.Fill out appropriate field form(s) documenting sampling location, time and other pertinent information prior to leaving the sampling site.

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SOP-04: FIELD SAMPLE FILTRATION
- 1. Vacuum-type Filtration apparatus will be decontaminated in accordance with SOP-11.
- 2. Visually inspect filtration equipment for damage. Replace parts or repair equipment as necessary.
- 3. Place 10-15 milliliters of 10% dilute nitric acid into filter apparatus containing 0.45 micron filter. Apply vacuum, discard filtered solution.
- 4. Repeat above procedure three times using sample water. Discard filtrate. If unable to repeat three times, use a pre-filter before using the 0.45 micron filter.
- 5. Fill filter vessel with sample water and apply vacuum. Use small quantities of filtered water to rinse sample container three times.
- 6. Fill sample container to appropriate level with filtered sample and mark level with permanent marker. Add appropriate preservative, if necessary. Invert sample container several times to insure complete sample - preservative mixing.
- 7. Place sample container into cooler; package and ship in accordance with SOP-09.
- 8. If extremely turbid sample water is obtained, use same procedure utilizing pre-filter (usually 3.0 micron) followed by 0.45 micron filtration.
- 9. Decontaminate all equipment in accordance with SOP-11 following use.

SOP-04: FIELD SAMPLE FILTRATION
1. Vacuum-type Filtration apparatus will be decontaminated in accordance with SOP-11.
2. Visually inspect filtration equipment for damage. Replace parts or repair equipment as necessary.
3. Place 10-15 milliliters of 10% dilute nitric acid into filter apparatus containing 0.45 micron filter. Apply vacuum, discard filtered solution.
4. Repeat above procedure three times using sample water. Discard filtrate. If unable to repeat three times, use a pre-filter before using the 0.45 micron filter.
5. Fill filter vessel with sample water and apply vacuum. Use small quantities of filtered water to rinse sample container three times.
6. Fill sample container to appropriate level with filtered sample and mark level with permanent marker. Add appropriate preservative, if necessary. Invert sample container several times to insure complete sample - preservative mixing.
7. Place sample container into cooler; package and ship in accordance with SOP-09.
8. If extremely turbid sample water is obtained, use same procedure utilizing pre-filter (usually 3.0 micron) followed by 0.45 micron filtration.
9. Decontaminate all equipment in accordance with SOP-11 following use.

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SOP-05: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
Field Procedure
- 1. Check red line and zero point on meter. Adjust as necessary.
- 2. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
- 3. Place water sample in decontaminated glass beaker.
- 4. Rinse probe with DI water and place conductivity probe in sample water.
- 5. Immerse conductivity probe in sample so that vent hole is submerged. Move probe around in sample to displace any air bubbles. Turn instrument on to appropriate scale for sample analyzed. Multiply reading by the correct multiplier from the dial and record to the nearest ten microsemins/centimeter. Measure sampl temperature to nearest 0.5oC from conductivity meter. Record temperature.
- 6. Remove probe from sample and rinse probe with DI water.
Instrument Calibration
At the beginning and end of each day of sampling, determine cell constant in the field.
- 1. Rinse probe with deionized water.
- 2. Measure conductivity of two KCl solution standards which bracket expected sample values.
- 3. Measure temperature of both KCl solution standards.
- 4. Calculate cell constant for each standard and average the two values. The cell constant is the ratio of the computed conductivity to the measured conductivity of the standard KCl solution. Use this averaged constant and measured field temperatures and conductivities to calculate conductivity at 25oC for each sample taken during the day.
Maintenance
- 1. Store meter in its case during transport. If stored for long periods of time, immerse probe in distilled water.
- 2. Check batteries before taking meter into the field. Carry spare batteries and screwdriver.
- 3. Inspect conductivity electrodes on a monthly basis for cracks or other damage.
- 4. If platinum black has flaked off, a sharp end point cannot be achieved or readings are erratic. Return probe to factory so it can be replatinized.

SOP-05: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
Field Procedure
1. Check red line and zero point on meter. Adjust as necessary.
2. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
3. Place water sample in decontaminated glass beaker.
4. Rinse probe with DI water and place conductivity probe in sample water.
5. Immerse conductivity probe in sample so that vent hole is submerged. Move probe around in sample to displace any air bubbles. Turn instrument on to appropriate scale for sample analyzed. Multiply reading by the correct multiplier from the dial and record to the nearest ten microsemins/centimeter. Measure sampl temperature to nearest 0.5oC from conductivity meter. Record temperature.
6. Remove probe from sample and rinse probe with DI water.
Instrument Calibration
At the beginning and end of each day of sampling, determine cell constant in the field.
1. Rinse probe with deionized water.
2. Measure conductivity of two KCl solution standards which bracket expected sample values.
3. Measure temperature of both KCl solution standards.
4. Calculate cell constant for each standard and average the two values. The cell constant is the ratio of the computed conductivity to the measured conductivity of the standard KCl solution. Use this averaged constant and measured field temperatures and conductivities to calculate conductivity at 25oC for each sample taken during the day.
Maintenance
1. Store meter in its case during transport. If stored for long periods of time, immerse probe in distilled water.
2. Check batteries before taking meter into the field. Carry spare batteries and screwdriver.
3. Inspect conductivity electrodes on a monthly basis for cracks or other damage.
4. If platinum black has flaked off, a sharp end point cannot be achieved or readings are erratic. Return probe to factory so it can be replatinized.

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SOP-06: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF pH
Field Procedures
- 1. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
- 2. Rinse pH electrode with deionized water.
- 3. Check meter using standard that is nearest the expected pH. If not within 0.1 pH units re-calibrate meter using appropriate standards.
- 4. Fill beaker with sample water.
- 5. Immerse electrode and temperature probe in sample while swirling the sample to provide thorough mixing. Turn on meter. Electrode filler level should be 1/2-inch above sampling surface level. Read pH to nearest 0.1 unit once the reading has stabilized.
- 6. Record sample pH. Note any problems such as erratic readings.
- 7. Rinse probe with DI water and store according to manufacturer's directions.
Instrument Calibration
- 1. Calibrate pH meter in the field at the beginning of each day of field work when pH will be measured, or when the standard check is out of acceptable bounds. Calibrate using following procedure:
- - *Rinse pH electrode and temperature probe with distilled water.
  - *Immerse electrode and temperature probe in beaker of commercial calibration solution of pH at or below that expected for the samples.
  - *Calibrate meter to appropriate pH.
  - *Remove electrode and temperature probe from solution, rinse with distilled water, air dry.
  - *Immerse electrode and temperature probe in second calibration solution having a pH 2 to 3 units higher or lower than the first, calibrate meter to solution.
  - *Measure pH of one of the calibration solutions. If measured value differs from expected value by more than 0.1 units, obtain fresh calibration solutions and recalculate. If discrepancy persists, begin trouble-shooting procedures following meter operating instructions: check batteries, connections, etc. If meter checks out, inspect combination electrode. Clean and refill as necessary.
Maintenance
- 1. Store meter in its case with electrode immersed in a pH 7 buffer solution.
- 2. Inspect electrode weekly.
- - *Plug of filler hole should be firmly seated when meter is stored for a week or more.
  - *Check glass electrode for cracks or scratches.
- 3.Check batteries each time meter is used. Carry a spare battery pack and a screwdriver into the field in the pH meter case.
- 4.Check pH meter monthly with a pH meter tester and adjust as necessary.

SOP-06: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF pH
Field Procedures
1. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
2. Rinse pH electrode with deionized water.
3. Check meter using standard that is nearest the expected pH. If not within 0.1 pH units re-calibrate meter using appropriate standards.
4. Fill beaker with sample water.
5. Immerse electrode and temperature probe in sample while swirling the sample to provide thorough mixing. Turn on meter. Electrode filler level should be 1/2-inch above sampling surface level. Read pH to nearest 0.1 unit once the reading has stabilized.
6. Record sample pH. Note any problems such as erratic readings.
7. Rinse probe with DI water and store according to manufacturer's directions.
Instrument Calibration
1. Calibrate pH meter in the field at the beginning of each day of field work when pH will be measured, or when the standard check is out of acceptable bounds. Calibrate using following procedure:
- *Rinse pH electrode and temperature probe with distilled water.
- *Immerse electrode and temperature probe in beaker of commercial calibration solution of pH at or below that expected for the samples.
- *Calibrate meter to appropriate pH.
- *Remove electrode and temperature probe from solution, rinse with distilled water, air dry.
- *Immerse electrode and temperature probe in second calibration solution having a pH 2 to 3 units higher or lower than the first, calibrate meter to solution.
- *Measure pH of one of the calibration solutions. If measured value differs from expected value by more than 0.1 units, obtain fresh calibration solutions and recalculate. If discrepancy persists, begin trouble-shooting procedures following meter operating instructions: check batteries, connections, etc. If meter checks out, inspect combination electrode. Clean and refill as necessary.
Maintenance
1. Store meter in its case with electrode immersed in a pH 7 buffer solution.
2. Inspect electrode weekly.
- *Plug of filler hole should be firmly seated when meter is stored for a week or more.
- *Check glass electrode for cracks or scratches.
3.Check batteries each time meter is used. Carry a spare battery pack and a screwdriver into the field in the pH meter case.
4.Check pH meter monthly with a pH meter tester and adjust as necessary.

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SOP-07: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF WATER TEMPERATURE
- 1. Carry two NBS-calibrated thermometers inside cases, into the field.
- 2. Check thermometer for cracks or gaps in the mercury. Do not use thermometers if either cracks or gaps are visible.
- 3. When possible, measure temperature of surface water at midstream submersing the thermometer for approximately one minute or until temperature stabilizes.
- 4. When in situ temperature measurements are not possible, draw sample of at least 200 mL into a decontaminated beaker or sample bottle as soon after sampling as possible.
- 5. Place thermometer in sample. Do not allow thermometer bulb to touch sides of beaker. Allow to equilibrate (about 1 minute).
- 6. Record temperature to nearest 0.5oC in field log book or on field data sheet.
- 7. Rinse thermometer with deionized water.
- 8. On a quarterly basis, check field thermometers against a NBS-certified laboratory thermometer. Agreement should be within 0.5oC.

SOP-07: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF WATER TEMPERATURE
1. Carry two NBS-calibrated thermometers inside cases, into the field.
2. Check thermometer for cracks or gaps in the mercury. Do not use thermometers if either cracks or gaps are visible.
3. When possible, measure temperature of surface water at midstream submersing the thermometer for approximately one minute or until temperature stabilizes.
4. When in situ temperature measurements are not possible, draw sample of at least 200 mL into a decontaminated beaker or sample bottle as soon after sampling as possible.
5. Place thermometer in sample. Do not allow thermometer bulb to touch sides of beaker. Allow to equilibrate (about 1 minute).
6. Record temperature to nearest 0.5oC in field log book or on field data sheet.
7. Rinse thermometer with deionized water.
8. On a quarterly basis, check field thermometers against a NBS-certified laboratory thermometer. Agreement should be within 0.5oC.

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SOP-08: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
- 1. Inspect dissolved oxygen (DO) meter for damage - repair as necessary.
- 2. Rinse probe and cable with DI water.
- 3. Prepare probe and DO meter in accordance with instrument manufacturer's operating procedures. Make certain probe contains sufficient electrolyte and the oxygen sensor membrane is in good repair.
- 4. Calibrate probe and meter using the fresh water - air calibration method. Correct calibration value for temperature and altitude; adjust meter accordingly.
- 5. When possible place probe directly into the stream, or water to be measured. If not possible, place probe into beaker filled with sample. Manually raise and lower probe through sample about 1 foot/second. Allow sufficient time for probe to stabilize to sample temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.
- 6. Read dissolved oxygen value. Record appropriate data on field forms.

SOP-08: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
1. Inspect dissolved oxygen (DO) meter for damage - repair as necessary.
2. Rinse probe and cable with DI water.
3. Prepare probe and DO meter in accordance with instrument manufacturer's operating procedures. Make certain probe contains sufficient electrolyte and the oxygen sensor membrane is in good repair.
4. Calibrate probe and meter using the fresh water - air calibration method. Correct calibration value for temperature and altitude; adjust meter accordingly.
5. When possible place probe directly into the stream, or water to be measured. If not possible, place probe into beaker filled with sample. Manually raise and lower probe through sample about 1 foot/second. Allow sufficient time for probe to stabilize to sample temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.
6. Read dissolved oxygen value. Record appropriate data on field forms.

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SOP-09: SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
All samples collected should be packaged and/or shipped using the following procedures.
Packaging
1. Place each labelled sample bottles in a zip lock bags and then in a high quality cooler containing two large containers of recently frozen blue ice (where applicable), making sure the cooler drain plug is taped shut both inside and outside.
2. Position the sample bottles upright and surround the samples with noncombustible, absorbent, cushioning material for stability during transport.
3. Place the laboratory/sampling paperwork in a ziplock bag and tape it to the inside lid of the shipping container (see Shipping Papers).
4. Close and seal the cooler with at least two signed and dated custody seals and sealer tape. Tape cooler shut utilizing fiberglass tape.
5. Secure Air Bill to cooler and ship via express air service.
6. Notify project manager of shipment.
Marking/Labeling
7. Use abbreviations only where specified.
8. Place the following information either hand printed or in label form, on the outside container:
- *Laboratory name and address (on Air Bill)
- *Return cooler to: (name and address)
9. Secure "This End Up" and "Fragile" stickers clearly on top of the shipping container. Put upward pointing arrows on all four sides of the container. No other marking or labeling is required.
Shipping Papers
10. No DOT shipping papers are required. All field samples, (natural and QC), will be documented with the following forms. These forms will be placed in ziplock bags and taped to the inside lid of the same cooler as the samples to which they pertain.
- *Chain-of-custody form
- *Special Analytical Service (where applicable)
- *Inorganic Traffic Reports (where applicable)
- *Organic Traffic Reports (where applicable)

SOP-09: SAMPLE PACKAGING AND SHIPPING
All samples collected should be packaged and/or shipped using the following procedures.
Packaging
1. Place each labelled sample bottles in a zip lock bags and then in a high quality cooler containing two large containers of recently frozen blue ice (where applicable), making sure the cooler drain plug is taped shut both inside and outside.
2. Position the sample bottles upright and surround the samples with noncombustible, absorbent, cushioning material for stability during transport.
3. Place the laboratory/sampling paperwork in a ziplock bag and tape it to the inside lid of the shipping container (see Shipping Papers).
4. Close and seal the cooler with at least two signed and dated custody seals and sealer tape. Tape cooler shut utilizing fiberglass tape.
5. Secure Air Bill to cooler and ship via express air service.
6. Notify project manager of shipment.
Marking/Labeling
7. Use abbreviations only where specified.
8. Place the following information either hand printed or in label form, on the outside container:
- *Laboratory name and address (on Air Bill)
- *Return cooler to: (name and address)
9. Secure "This End Up" and "Fragile" stickers clearly on top of the shipping container. Put upward pointing arrows on all four sides of the container. No other marking or labeling is required.
Shipping Papers
10. No DOT shipping papers are required. All field samples, (natural and QC), will be documented with the following forms. These forms will be placed in ziplock bags and taped to the inside lid of the same cooler as the samples to which they pertain.
- *Chain-of-custody form
- *Special Analytical Service (where applicable)
- *Inorganic Traffic Reports (where applicable)
- *Organic Traffic Reports (where applicable)

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SOP-10: FIELD FORMS
All pertinent field survey and sampling information shall be recorded on a field form during each day of the field effort and at each sample site. The field crew leader shall be responsible for ensuring that sufficient detail is recorded on the field forms. No general rules can specify the extent of information that must be entered on the field form. However, field forms shall contain sufficient information so that someone can reconstruct all field activity without relying on the memory of the field crew. All entries shall be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting. Each day's or site's entries will be initialed and dated at the end by the author. All corrections shall consist of line-out deletions which are initialed.
At a minimum, entries on the field sheet shall include:
- *Date and time of starting work and weather conditions.
- *Names of field crew leader and team members
- *Project name or type
- *Description of site conditions and any unusual circumstances.
- *Location of sample site, including map reference, if relevant
- *Equipment ID numbers
- *Details of actual work effort, particularly any deviations from the field operations plan or standard operating procedures
- *Field observations
- *Any field measurements made (e.g., pH)
For sampling efforts, specific details for each sample should be recorded. In addition to the items listed above, the following general information should be included on the field form during the sampling efforts:
- *Type and number of samples collected
- *Sampling method, particularly deviations from the standard operating procedures
Strict custody procedures shall be maintained with the field forms utilized. While being used in the field, field forms shall remain with the field team at all times. Upon completion of the field effort, field forms shall be filed in an appropriately secure manner in Northern's Helena office. Photocopies of the original field forms will be used as working documents.

SOP-10: FIELD FORMS
All pertinent field survey and sampling information shall be recorded on a field form during each day of the field effort and at each sample site. The field crew leader shall be responsible for ensuring that sufficient detail is recorded on the field forms. No general rules can specify the extent of information that must be entered on the field form. However, field forms shall contain sufficient information so that someone can reconstruct all field activity without relying on the memory of the field crew. All entries shall be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting. Each day's or site's entries will be initialed and dated at the end by the author. All corrections shall consist of line-out deletions which are initialed.
At a minimum, entries on the field sheet shall include:
*Date and time of starting work and weather conditions.
*Names of field crew leader and team members
*Project name or type
*Description of site conditions and any unusual circumstances.
*Location of sample site, including map reference, if relevant
*Equipment ID numbers
*Details of actual work effort, particularly any deviations from the field operations plan or standard operating procedures
*Field observations
*Any field measurements made (e.g., pH)
For sampling efforts, specific details for each sample should be recorded. In addition to the items listed above, the following general information should be included on the field form during the sampling efforts:
*Type and number of samples collected
*Sampling method, particularly deviations from the standard operating procedures
Strict custody procedures shall be maintained with the field forms utilized. While being used in the field, field forms shall remain with the field team at all times. Upon completion of the field effort, field forms shall be filed in an appropriately secure manner in Northern's Helena office. Photocopies of the original field forms will be used as working documents.

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SOP-11: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
EQUIPMENT LIST FOR DECONTAMINATION
- 2-gallon plastic tubs
- Hard bristle brushes
- 5-gallon plastic water-container
- Garbage bags
- 5-gallon carboy DI water
- Latex gloves
- 1-gallon cube of 10% HNO3
- Squeeze bottles
- Paper towels
- Methanol
- Liquinox (soap)
The purpose of this section is to describe general decontamination procedures for field equipment in contact with mine/mill tailings, soil, or water. During field sampling activities, sampling equipment will become contaminated after it is used. Sampling equipment must be decontaminated between sample collection points if it is not disposable.
Field personnel must wear disposable examination gloves while decontaminating equipment at the project site. Change gloves between every sample. Every precaution must be taken by personnel to prevent contaminating themselves with the wash water and rinse water used in the decontamination process.
The following should be done in order to complete thorough decontamination:
- 1. Set up the decontamination zone approximately 15 feet upwind from the sampling area. This area will be designated by the field crew leader.
- 2. Visually inspect sampling equipment for contamination; use stiff brush to remove visible material.
- 3. The general decontamination sequence for field equipment includes: wash with Liquinox or its equivalent; DI water rinse; dilute nitric acid rinse; DI water rinse; rinse with sample water three times.
- 4. Rinse equipment with methanol in place of the nitric rinse if sampling for organic contamination. Follow with a DI water rinse.
- 5. Decontaminated equipment that is to be used for sampling organics should be wrapped in aluminum foil if not used immediately.
- 6. Clean outside of sample container after filling.
Alternatively, field equipment can be decontaminated by steam cleaning, rinsing with dilute nitric acid, and rinsing with deionized water.
All disposable items (e.g., paper towels, examination gloves, wash cloths) should be deposited into a garbage bag and disposed of in an approved landfill. Contaminated wash water does not have to be collected.
If vehicles used during sampling become contaminated, wash both inside and outside as necessary.

SOP-11: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
EQUIPMENT LIST FOR DECONTAMINATION
- 2-gallon plastic tubs
- Hard bristle brushes
- 5-gallon plastic water-container
- Garbage bags
- 5-gallon carboy DI water
- Latex gloves
- 1-gallon cube of 10% HNO3
- Squeeze bottles
- Paper towels
- Methanol
- Liquinox (soap)
The purpose of this section is to describe general decontamination procedures for field equipment in contact with mine/mill tailings, soil, or water. During field sampling activities, sampling equipment will become contaminated after it is used. Sampling equipment must be decontaminated between sample collection points if it is not disposable.
Field personnel must wear disposable examination gloves while decontaminating equipment at the project site. Change gloves between every sample. Every precaution must be taken by personnel to prevent contaminating themselves with the wash water and rinse water used in the decontamination process.
The following should be done in order to complete thorough decontamination:
1. Set up the decontamination zone approximately 15 feet upwind from the sampling area. This area will be designated by the field crew leader.
2. Visually inspect sampling equipment for contamination; use stiff brush to remove visible material.
3. The general decontamination sequence for field equipment includes: wash with Liquinox or its equivalent; DI water rinse; dilute nitric acid rinse; DI water rinse; rinse with sample water three times.
4. Rinse equipment with methanol in place of the nitric rinse if sampling for organic contamination. Follow with a DI water rinse.
5. Decontaminated equipment that is to be used for sampling organics should be wrapped in aluminum foil if not used immediately.
6. Clean outside of sample container after filling.
Alternatively, field equipment can be decontaminated by steam cleaning, rinsing with dilute nitric acid, and rinsing with deionized water.
All disposable items (e.g., paper towels, examination gloves, wash cloths) should be deposited into a garbage bag and disposed of in an approved landfill. Contaminated wash water does not have to be collected.
If vehicles used during sampling become contaminated, wash both inside and outside as necessary.

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SOP-12: SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
The purpose in filling out field documents is to provide enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without relying on the memories of the field crew. It is the responsibility of the DCO to assure field documents contain sufficient detail, and are correct. All entries will be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting and all corrections will consist of initialed line-out deletions.
Documents to be completed for each sample generated during this investigation are:
- *Field Form
- *Chain-of-Custody Form
- *EPA Sample Tags
- *Custody Seal
- *SAS Packing Lists
- *Sample Identification Matrix Forms
- *Organic Traffic Report (if applicable)
- *Inorganic Traffic Report (if applicable)
Responsibility for the completion of these forms will be with each field crew leader.

SOP-12: SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
The purpose in filling out field documents is to provide enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without relying on the memories of the field crew. It is the responsibility of the DCO to assure field documents contain sufficient detail, and are correct. All entries will be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting and all corrections will consist of initialed line-out deletions.
Documents to be completed for each sample generated during this investigation are:
- *Field Form
- *Chain-of-Custody Form
- *EPA Sample Tags
- *Custody Seal
- *SAS Packing Lists
- *Sample Identification Matrix Forms
- *Organic Traffic Report (if applicable)
- *Inorganic Traffic Report (if applicable)
Responsibility for the completion of these forms will be with each field crew leader.

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SOP-13: QC SAMPLES
QC samples do not have any unique identifying codes that would enable the contract lab or others to bias these samples in any way. There are, however, differences in blank and standard samples which might separate them from the rest of the sample train. The sampling team will strive for uniformity in sampling technique to limit sampling error. The QC samples will be identified only on the SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION MATRIX. The codes on the matrix sheet are as follows.
- N - Natural Sample
- R - Replicate - Duplicate Sample
- BB - Bottle Blank
- WB - Cross Contamination Blank
- BFS - Blind Field Standard
- KB - Kimwipe Blank
- TB - Travel Blank
In general, QC samples will be inserted into the sample train on a one in twenty basis or one per day per sampling crew, whichever results in more QA/QC samples.
- 1. A duplicate sample will be a second sample taken from the same media at the same time.
- 2. A bottle blank will be deionized water placed directly into the sample bottles. It is preferable to fill bottle blank off-site.
- 3. A cross contamination blank will be deionized water run through all sampling equipment or a Kimwipe wiped over decontaminated equipment and then placed into sample bottles.
- 4. A field standard will be an EPA approved standard prepared in the laboratory and entered into the sample train.
- 5. A Kimwipe blank will be a Kimwipe obtained directly from its packaging and inserted into a sample container.
- 6. A travel blank will be a ultra pure water sample prepared at the analytical laboratory and shipped to the sampling team; the blank must travel in a cooler with the sampling team when sampling for volatile organic compounds.
Each field crew leader will be responsible for all QC samples prepared by that crew.

SOP-13: QC SAMPLES
QC samples do not have any unique identifying codes that would enable the contract lab or others to bias these samples in any way. There are, however, differences in blank and standard samples which might separate them from the rest of the sample train. The sampling team will strive for uniformity in sampling technique to limit sampling error. The QC samples will be identified only on the SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION MATRIX. The codes on the matrix sheet are as follows.
- N - Natural Sample
- R - Replicate - Duplicate Sample
- BB - Bottle Blank
- WB - Cross Contamination Blank
- BFS - Blind Field Standard
- KB - Kimwipe Blank
- TB - Travel Blank
In general, QC samples will be inserted into the sample train on a one in twenty basis or one per day per sampling crew, whichever results in more QA/QC samples.
1. A duplicate sample will be a second sample taken from the same media at the same time.
2. A bottle blank will be deionized water placed directly into the sample bottles. It is preferable to fill bottle blank off-site.
3. A cross contamination blank will be deionized water run through all sampling equipment or a Kimwipe wiped over decontaminated equipment and then placed into sample bottles.
4. A field standard will be an EPA approved standard prepared in the laboratory and entered into the sample train.
5. A Kimwipe blank will be a Kimwipe obtained directly from its packaging and inserted into a sample container.
6. A travel blank will be a ultra pure water sample prepared at the analytical laboratory and shipped to the sampling team; the blank must travel in a cooler with the sampling team when sampling for volatile organic compounds.
Each field crew leader will be responsible for all QC samples prepared by that crew.

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SOP-14: STORM RUNOFF SAMPLING
- 1. Visually inspect all flow measurement and sampling equipment for damage. Repair equipment as necessary.
- 2. Flow measurements and water sampling should be made in accordance with SOP-01 and SOP-03, respectively. Exceptions to described flow measurement techniques are sites which have flow measuring devices (flumes, weirs) available or when a site has an acceptable stage-discharge rating curve developed. Alternative sampling techniques (e.g., grab sampling) may be used if conditions warrant. Field measurements should be completed in accordance with SOPs-05, 06, and 07.
- 3. Flow measurements should be made and samples collected every half-hour on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph and every hour on the receding limb or at a frequency as indicated in the project work plan. Approximately one liter of sample should be collected during each sampling period. No preservatives should be added to the samples at this time.
- 4. Collected samples for each site should be composited following termination of runoff sampling based on the portion of the total storm runoff volume each sample represents. This is most readily accomplished using a computer for necessary calculations and a cone-splitter to divide sample volumes. Once the samples have been proportioned, composite the samples and mix thoroughly.
- 5. Fill sample bottles for submittal to the laboratory. Filter and preserve sample water as necessary and in accordance with SOP-04.

SOP-14: STORM RUNOFF SAMPLING
1. Visually inspect all flow measurement and sampling equipment for damage. Repair equipment as necessary.
2. Flow measurements and water sampling should be made in accordance with SOP-01 and SOP-03, respectively. Exceptions to described flow measurement techniques are sites which have flow measuring devices (flumes, weirs) available or when a site has an acceptable stage-discharge rating curve developed. Alternative sampling techniques (e.g., grab sampling) may be used if conditions warrant. Field measurements should be completed in accordance with SOPs-05, 06, and 07.
3. Flow measurements should be made and samples collected every half-hour on the rising limb of the storm hydrograph and every hour on the receding limb or at a frequency as indicated in the project work plan. Approximately one liter of sample should be collected during each sampling period. No preservatives should be added to the samples at this time.
4. Collected samples for each site should be composited following termination of runoff sampling based on the portion of the total storm runoff volume each sample represents. This is most readily accomplished using a computer for necessary calculations and a cone-splitter to divide sample volumes. Once the samples have been proportioned, composite the samples and mix thoroughly.
5. Fill sample bottles for submittal to the laboratory. Filter and preserve sample water as necessary and in accordance with SOP-04.

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SOP-15: BEDLOAD SAMPLING
- 1. Visually inspect Helley-Smith bedload sampler or equivalent for damage. Replace parts or repair damage as necessary.
- 2. Anchor surveyor's tape tautly across the stream at desired sampling site perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and attach to pins on either side of the stream.
- 3. Measure discharge at the site in accordance with SOP-01.
- 4. Divide stream cross-section into 15 to 20 sample sections of equal width.
- 5. Lower the Helley-Smith sampler or its equivalent to the streambed at the first sample point. Keep sampler on the streambed for a timed duration of 30 seconds and retrieve sampler from the water. Repeat procedure across the traverse.
- 6. Composite each sample collected into a decontaminated container of adequate capacity to contain all samples collected in the traverse.
- 7. Transfer composited sample into an appropriately labelled 8 ounce ICHEM wide mouth sample jar.
- 8. Place jar in plastic bag for protection.
- 9. Fill out all necessary field forms, custody forms, analysis request forms, etc. prior to leaving site.

SOP-15: BEDLOAD SAMPLING
1. Visually inspect Helley-Smith bedload sampler or equivalent for damage. Replace parts or repair damage as necessary.
2. Anchor surveyor's tape tautly across the stream at desired sampling site perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and attach to pins on either side of the stream.
3. Measure discharge at the site in accordance with SOP-01.
4. Divide stream cross-section into 15 to 20 sample sections of equal width.
5. Lower the Helley-Smith sampler or its equivalent to the streambed at the first sample point. Keep sampler on the streambed for a timed duration of 30 seconds and retrieve sampler from the water. Repeat procedure across the traverse.
6. Composite each sample collected into a decontaminated container of adequate capacity to contain all samples collected in the traverse.
7. Transfer composited sample into an appropriately labelled 8 ounce ICHEM wide mouth sample jar.
8. Place jar in plastic bag for protection.
9. Fill out all necessary field forms, custody forms, analysis request forms, etc. prior to leaving site.

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SOP-16: MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION
- 1. Arrive on-site with properly sized drilling equipment and materials for site conditions. All drilling equipment and materials should be properly decontaminated prior to its arrival on-site. Decontamination usually includes steam - or hot water-cleaning methods.
- 2. Drilling muds or drilling solutions of any kind are not to be used during drilling activities in conjunction with monitoring well construction. Acceptable drilling techniques include air-rotary, cable tool, or hollow-stem auger. If unconsolidated material is encountered, it may be necessary to drive steel casing during drilling to maintain borehole integrity. It is suggested threaded steel casing be used in lieu of welding joints together to minimize this source of potential well contamination. Hydraulic jacks or the drill rig can be used to pull back the steel casing following emplacement of plastic casing.
- 3. A detailed lithologic log shall be completed during drilling activities. Water bearing characteristics of the formations should also be denoted on the log. In addition, details of monitoring well construction should also be described on the well log including total depth, perforated interval, sizes and types of construction materials, etc.
- 4. Seven- or ten-inch outside diameter hollow-stem augers can used in drilling shallow exploration drill holes in many situations. Care is taken to avoid contamination due to oil and grease from the drill rig and split spoon sampler. Appropriate decontamination of the drill rig between drill holes is performed. Soil and sediment samples are collected using a standard 1.4 inch inside diameter split spoon sampler and a 140 pound drive hammer. The number of blows necessary to obtain an 18 inch length of sample is recorded on the exploration log. Appropriate decontamination of the split spoon sampler is accomplished between samples.
- 5. Either a single- or multi-completion monitoring well can be constructed in a single borehole where hollow-stem auger drilling is not used. Backfill chemically-inert silica sand to above the perforated interval and emplace a bentonite plug above the sand following installation of factory-screened and blank PVC (stainless steel or PTFE for organics) well casing into the borehole. Where appropriate, begin pulling temporary steel casing out of borehole. Emplace silica frac sand about any other perforated sections in the borehole; install bentonite plugs above and below perforated sections. Backfill remaining well annulus with a bentonite slurry or with grout to the surface.
- 6. Place locking well protector over PVC casing(s) after outer steel casing has been removed from the borehole if necessary. Place bentonite plug below bottom of well protector; grout well protector in place and lock with high quality lock.

SOP-16: MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION
1. Arrive on-site with properly sized drilling equipment and materials for site conditions. All drilling equipment and materials should be properly decontaminated prior to its arrival on-site. Decontamination usually includes steam - or hot water-cleaning methods.
2. Drilling muds or drilling solutions of any kind are not to be used during drilling activities in conjunction with monitoring well construction. Acceptable drilling techniques include air-rotary, cable tool, or hollow-stem auger. If unconsolidated material is encountered, it may be necessary to drive steel casing during drilling to maintain borehole integrity. It is suggested threaded steel casing be used in lieu of welding joints together to minimize this source of potential well contamination. Hydraulic jacks or the drill rig can be used to pull back the steel casing following emplacement of plastic casing.
3. A detailed lithologic log shall be completed during drilling activities. Water bearing characteristics of the formations should also be denoted on the log. In addition, details of monitoring well construction should also be described on the well log including total depth, perforated interval, sizes and types of construction materials, etc.
4. Seven- or ten-inch outside diameter hollow-stem augers can used in drilling shallow exploration drill holes in many situations. Care is taken to avoid contamination due to oil and grease from the drill rig and split spoon sampler. Appropriate decontamination of the drill rig between drill holes is performed. Soil and sediment samples are collected using a standard 1.4 inch inside diameter split spoon sampler and a 140 pound drive hammer. The number of blows necessary to obtain an 18 inch length of sample is recorded on the exploration log. Appropriate decontamination of the split spoon sampler is accomplished between samples.
5. Either a single- or multi-completion monitoring well can be constructed in a single borehole where hollow-stem auger drilling is not used. Backfill chemically-inert silica sand to above the perforated interval and emplace a bentonite plug above the sand following installation of factory-screened and blank PVC (stainless steel or PTFE for organics) well casing into the borehole. Where appropriate, begin pulling temporary steel casing out of borehole. Emplace silica frac sand about any other perforated sections in the borehole; install bentonite plugs above and below perforated sections. Backfill remaining well annulus with a bentonite slurry or with grout to the surface.
6. Place locking well protector over PVC casing(s) after outer steel casing has been removed from the borehole if necessary. Place bentonite plug below bottom of well protector; grout well protector in place and lock with high quality lock.

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SOP-17: MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT
- 1. Visually inspect all well development equipment for damage - repair as necessary.
- 2. Decontaminate all stingers, air hoses, surge blocks, etc. by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution, rinsing with dilute nitric acid solution, and rinsing with deionized water.
- 3. If using compressed air method for well development, make certain compressor utilized does not produce air laden with hydraulic fluid for lubricating purposes. This may affect the integrity of the monitoring well for producing viable water quality data.
- 4. Develop well by using surging techniques (surge block or bailer) followed by well evacuation. Repeat this procedure until evacuated water is visibly clean and essentially sand-free. In most cases, evacuated water can be disposed of on-site.
- 5. During evacuation process, collect water samples for field determinations of temperature, specific conductivity, and pH. Continue developing well until field parameters stabilize to within +/-5% on three consecutive measurements.
- 6. Report field observations and volume of water removed on standard form.

SOP-17: MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT
1. Visually inspect all well development equipment for damage - repair as necessary.
2. Decontaminate all stingers, air hoses, surge blocks, etc. by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution, rinsing with dilute nitric acid solution, and rinsing with deionized water.
3. If using compressed air method for well development, make certain compressor utilized does not produce air laden with hydraulic fluid for lubricating purposes. This may affect the integrity of the monitoring well for producing viable water quality data.
4. Develop well by using surging techniques (surge block or bailer) followed by well evacuation. Repeat this procedure until evacuated water is visibly clean and essentially sand-free. In most cases, evacuated water can be disposed of on-site.
5. During evacuation process, collect water samples for field determinations of temperature, specific conductivity, and pH. Continue developing well until field parameters stabilize to within +/-5% on three consecutive measurements.
6. Report field observations and volume of water removed on standard form.

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SOP-18: GROUND WATER SAMPLING
1. Inspect all sampling equipment for damage upon arriving on-site. Repair equipment as necessary.
2. Decontaminate sampling equipment by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox, solution, rinsing with dilute nitric acid, and rinsing with deionized water.
3. Sampling domestic wells:
- a. Turn-on household fixture (preferably outside faucet) and allow well to discharge for 5 to 10 minutes. Be certain discharge point is on the well-side of any water conditioning device or screen.
- b. Monitor field parameters periodically during discharge period. When field parameters are within plus or minus five percent over three consecutive readings, the well is ready for sampling.
- c. Fill sample containers and add sample preservatives as appropriate. Do not collect samples through rubber hoses. Samples should be collected directly from hydrant or faucet. Perform field parameter tests.
- d. Field filter sample water in accordance with SOP-04 if appropriate. Add preservations as appropriate.
- e. Complete field forms in accordance with SOP-10.
4. Sampling monitoring wells:
- a. Evacuate monitoring wells with bailer or pump; monitor field parameters for consistency during evacuation process. Remove a minimum of three bore volumes of water from the monitoring well.
- b. Following well evacuation, install decontaminated bladder pump into or above perforated zone in well; commence pumping and monitor field parameters for consistency using field parameter box. Alternatively, a decontaminated bailer may use to collect the sample. Well is ready for sampling when field parameters are within plus or minus five percent on three consecutive readings.
- c. Field filter sample water in accordance with SOP-04 if appropriate. Add sample preservatives as appropriate; fill out field forms in accordance with SOP-10.

SOP-18: GROUND WATER SAMPLING
1. Inspect all sampling equipment for damage upon arriving on-site. Repair equipment as necessary.
2. Decontaminate sampling equipment by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox, solution, rinsing with dilute nitric acid, and rinsing with deionized water.
3. Sampling domestic wells:
- a. Turn-on household fixture (preferably outside faucet) and allow well to discharge for 5 to 10 minutes. Be certain discharge point is on the well-side of any water conditioning device or screen.
- b. Monitor field parameters periodically during discharge period. When field parameters are within plus or minus five percent over three consecutive readings, the well is ready for sampling.
- c. Fill sample containers and add sample preservatives as appropriate. Do not collect samples through rubber hoses. Samples should be collected directly from hydrant or faucet. Perform field parameter tests.
- d. Field filter sample water in accordance with SOP-04 if appropriate. Add preservations as appropriate.
- e. Complete field forms in accordance with SOP-10.
4. Sampling monitoring wells:
- a. Evacuate monitoring wells with bailer or pump; monitor field parameters for consistency during evacuation process. Remove a minimum of three bore volumes of water from the monitoring well.
- b. Following well evacuation, install decontaminated bladder pump into or above perforated zone in well; commence pumping and monitor field parameters for consistency using field parameter box. Alternatively, a decontaminated bailer may use to collect the sample. Well is ready for sampling when field parameters are within plus or minus five percent on three consecutive readings.
- c. Field filter sample water in accordance with SOP-04 if appropriate. Add sample preservatives as appropriate; fill out field forms in accordance with SOP-10.

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SOP-19: PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF ACID SOLUBLE SAMPLES
- 1. Allow samples arriving from field to adjust to room temperature.
- 2. Obtain initial pH measurement of sample in accordance with SOP-06. If sample pH is less than 1.65 discard sample.
- 3. Adjust pH of sample by adding drops of HNO3 as necessary to attain a pH reading of 1.75 + 0.1. This adjustment of sample pH must be completed within 3 days of sample collection time.
- 4. Cap sample bottles and allow samples to remain idle for at least 16 hours but not longer than 24 hours at room temperature.
- 5. Filter sample through decontaminated filtration apparatus containing 0.45 u filter. Pour filtered sample back into an acid rinsed sample bottle.
- 6. Place bottles in cooler and prepare for sample shipment to laboratory.

SOP-19: PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF ACID SOLUBLE SAMPLES
1. Allow samples arriving from field to adjust to room temperature.
2. Obtain initial pH measurement of sample in accordance with SOP-06. If sample pH is less than 1.65 discard sample.
3. Adjust pH of sample by adding drops of HNO3 as necessary to attain a pH reading of 1.75 + 0.1. This adjustment of sample pH must be completed within 3 days of sample collection time.
4. Cap sample bottles and allow samples to remain idle for at least 16 hours but not longer than 24 hours at room temperature.
5. Filter sample through decontaminated filtration apparatus containing 0.45 u filter. Pour filtered sample back into an acid rinsed sample bottle.
6. Place bottles in cooler and prepare for sample shipment to laboratory.

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SOP-20: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF GROUND WATER LEVEL
- 1.Check well probe prior to leaving for field for defects. Repair as necessary. Make certain the well probe, a decimal tape measure and extra batteries are in the carrying case.
- 2.Measure all wells (monitoring and domestic) from the top of the well casing on the north side or from a designated measuring point, as appropriate. Measure and record distance from measuring point to ground level.
- 3.Obtain a depth to water from measuring point to the nearest hundredth of a foot. Record data on appropriate field forms.
- 4.Decontaminate well probe between each measurement by scrubbing with Liquinox and brush, then rinsing with deionized water.
- 5.Calibrate well probe to a steel tape prior to and following each data gathering episode. Note any corrections to well probe measurements on field forms. Adjust reported data as necessary.

SOP-20: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF GROUND WATER LEVEL
1.Check well probe prior to leaving for field for defects. Repair as necessary. Make certain the well probe, a decimal tape measure and extra batteries are in the carrying case.
2.Measure all wells (monitoring and domestic) from the top of the well casing on the north side or from a designated measuring point, as appropriate. Measure and record distance from measuring point to ground level.
3.Obtain a depth to water from measuring point to the nearest hundredth of a foot. Record data on appropriate field forms.
4.Decontaminate well probe between each measurement by scrubbing with Liquinox and brush, then rinsing with deionized water.
5.Calibrate well probe to a steel tape prior to and following each data gathering episode. Note any corrections to well probe measurements on field forms. Adjust reported data as necessary.

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SOP-21: GAGING STATION OPERATION
- 1.Open recorder housing and visually inspect recorder, float, pulley, and counterweight. Note on field forms or in log book any irregularities observed.
- 2.Perform check of electronic recorder by initiating internal check mode and observing response in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Note irregularities. Record final reading on recorder.
- 3.Remove data storage module (DSM) and store in carrying case.
- 4.Pull recorder, platform, pulley, float, and cable out of well. Backflush stilling well with several buckets of water. Observe connecting pipe in stream for the presence of a silt cloud in the water which indicates a hydraulic connection exists. If not observable, use sewer snake or other means to remove blockage in connecting pipe.
- 5.Reinstall recorder apparatus. Replace batteries in recorder and insert fresh DSM.
- 6.Record new settings of recorder on DSM and in log book.
- 7.Initiate internal check on recorder and correct any malfunctions.
- 8.Lock recorder housing before leaving the site.

SOP-21: GAGING STATION OPERATION
1.Open recorder housing and visually inspect recorder, float, pulley, and counterweight. Note on field forms or in log book any irregularities observed.
2.Perform check of electronic recorder by initiating internal check mode and observing response in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Note irregularities. Record final reading on recorder.
3.Remove data storage module (DSM) and store in carrying case.
4.Pull recorder, platform, pulley, float, and cable out of well. Backflush stilling well with several buckets of water. Observe connecting pipe in stream for the presence of a silt cloud in the water which indicates a hydraulic connection exists. If not observable, use sewer snake or other means to remove blockage in connecting pipe.
5.Reinstall recorder apparatus. Replace batteries in recorder and insert fresh DSM.
6.Record new settings of recorder on DSM and in log book.
7.Initiate internal check on recorder and correct any malfunctions.
8.Lock recorder housing before leaving the site.

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SOP-22: SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HORIZON DESCRIPTION
SURFACE SAMPLING
Surface soil/tailings samples are collected from the surface to a depth of one inch. Sufficient sample will be collected for the analysis that will be performed. Soil descriptions will be completed for each collected soil sample in accordance with the procedures outlined in the unified soil classification system (ASTM D2487). Descriptions shall be recorded in field books or on standard morphological description logs.
Each sample will be deposited directly onto a plastic sheet. The sample will be broken up. A representative sample will be obtained by alternately pulling one corner of the plastic sheet over the opposite corner a minimum of 25 times. The sample will then be transferred to the appropriate container.
When sampling soil for organics the samples will be deposited directly into the sample container for shipment to the laboratory without mixing.
All equipment used in the sampling of surface soils will be decontaminated using the procedures in SOP-11. All necessary paperwork will be filled out in accordance with SOP-12.
SUBSURFACE SAMPLING
Subsurface sampling will be completed using either a bucket auger or a split spoon sampler. Sampling procedures using these types of equipment is described below:
Bucket Auger
- 1. Arrive on-site equipped with a stainless steel auger rod and four sizes of stainless steel augers (e.g. 2-inch, 4-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch).
- 2. Decontaminate augers and handle using methods described in SOP-011 or with a steam cleaner followed with dilute nitric acid and deionized water rinses.
- 3. Using largest auger, drill down a maximum of three feet in six inch increments, salvaging material as augering proceeds. Install temporary decontaminated PVC casing with a diameter slightly smaller than borehole. Using the next size smaller bucket auger, repeat the process. This telescoping procedure will minimize cross contamination of the various lithologies encountered in the soil profile.
- 4. Select sample intervals for packaging for laboratory analysis in accordance with procedures described in the project work plan or sampling and analysis plan. Composite and mix subsamples; obtain a portion of composited sample for XRF determinations or other needs.
- 5. Fill out appropriate paper work and bottle labels as necessary prior to leaving site.
- 6. Decontaminate all equipment between sample locations.
Split Spoon Sampler
- 1. Arrive on-site equipped with at least two standard 1.4 inch inside diameter split spoon samplers. If geotechnical information is desired, a 140 pound drive hammer is required.
- 2. Decontaminate split spoon sampler in accordance with SOP-011 or with a steam cleaner and dilute nitric acid and deionized water rinses.
- 3. Install sampler into borehole until the top of the undrilled formation is encountered. Using 140 pound drop hammer or by other means, hammer split spoon sampler into formation approximately 18 inches. Record number of blow counts to complete sampling over each 18-inch interval, as necessary. Retrieve sampler and place on work table. Using the other sampler, repeat this sequence.
- 4. Record lithology and percent recovery from cores retrieved from split spoon sampler.
- 5. Based upon the project work plan or sampling and analysis plan, composite like core intervals. Mix sample thoroughly and obtain a subsample for XRF and field parameter determinations as necessary.
- 6. Decontaminate sampling equipment between each interval sampled and between sampling sites.

SOP-22: SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HORIZON DESCRIPTION
SURFACE SAMPLING
Surface soil/tailings samples are collected from the surface to a depth of one inch. Sufficient sample will be collected for the analysis that will be performed. Soil descriptions will be completed for each collected soil sample in accordance with the procedures outlined in the unified soil classification system (ASTM D2487). Descriptions shall be recorded in field books or on standard morphological description logs.
Each sample will be deposited directly onto a plastic sheet. The sample will be broken up. A representative sample will be obtained by alternately pulling one corner of the plastic sheet over the opposite corner a minimum of 25 times. The sample will then be transferred to the appropriate container.
When sampling soil for organics the samples will be deposited directly into the sample container for shipment to the laboratory without mixing.
All equipment used in the sampling of surface soils will be decontaminated using the procedures in SOP-11. All necessary paperwork will be filled out in accordance with SOP-12.
SUBSURFACE SAMPLING
Subsurface sampling will be completed using either a bucket auger or a split spoon sampler. Sampling procedures using these types of equipment is described below:
Bucket Auger
1. Arrive on-site equipped with a stainless steel auger rod and four sizes of stainless steel augers (e.g. 2-inch, 4-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch).
2. Decontaminate augers and handle using methods described in SOP-011 or with a steam cleaner followed with dilute nitric acid and deionized water rinses.
3. Using largest auger, drill down a maximum of three feet in six inch increments, salvaging material as augering proceeds. Install temporary decontaminated PVC casing with a diameter slightly smaller than borehole. Using the next size smaller bucket auger, repeat the process. This telescoping procedure will minimize cross contamination of the various lithologies encountered in the soil profile.
4. Select sample intervals for packaging for laboratory analysis in accordance with procedures described in the project work plan or sampling and analysis plan. Composite and mix subsamples; obtain a portion of composited sample for XRF determinations or other needs.
5. Fill out appropriate paper work and bottle labels as necessary prior to leaving site.
6. Decontaminate all equipment between sample locations.
Split Spoon Sampler
1. Arrive on-site equipped with at least two standard 1.4 inch inside diameter split spoon samplers. If geotechnical information is desired, a 140 pound drive hammer is required.
2. Decontaminate split spoon sampler in accordance with SOP-011 or with a steam cleaner and dilute nitric acid and deionized water rinses.
3. Install sampler into borehole until the top of the undrilled formation is encountered. Using 140 pound drop hammer or by other means, hammer split spoon sampler into formation approximately 18 inches. Record number of blow counts to complete sampling over each 18-inch interval, as necessary. Retrieve sampler and place on work table. Using the other sampler, repeat this sequence.
4. Record lithology and percent recovery from cores retrieved from split spoon sampler.
5. Based upon the project work plan or sampling and analysis plan, composite like core intervals. Mix sample thoroughly and obtain a subsample for XRF and field parameter determinations as necessary.
6. Decontaminate sampling equipment between each interval sampled and between sampling sites.

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SOP-23: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETER (XRF) USE AND CALIBRATION
The chemical characterization of soil samples in the field will be determined by the field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer ATX-100 instrument manufactured by Aurora Tech, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah. The instrument uses low level self-contained and shielded radioactive sources that produce spectral peaks whose position (energy level) is specific to an individual element and whose peak height or area which is indicative of the concentration of that element within the area exposed to the source. Two sources will be used, cadmium-109 (15 millicuries) and Iron-55 (100 millicuries) implaced by the manufacturer. These sources allow semiquantitative determination of the copper, zinc, arsenic, iron, manganese and lead concentrations. Additional elements that will be monitored include chromium, barium, cobalt, nickel, selenium, and molybdenum.
The detection limit for each parameter is a function of source strength, geometry/particle size, counting time, and the concentration of other elements. Since the source strength and instrument geometry are constants, the detection limit is dependent on geometry/particle size, counting time, and concentration. It has been demonstrated that 80 mesh particle size dominantly composed of a siliceous or calcareous skeletal matrix will give analytical results within 20 percent. The larger the particle size, the larger the error. A rock made up of fine-grained minerals, however, will essentially have the same precision and accuracy as a finely ground sample. Soil samples will be screened and all particles greater than 2 mm (No. 10 sieve) will be removed.
The counting time also affects the detection limit. In general, the longer the counting time, the lower the detection limit, and certainly the higher the precision and accuracy. The instrument has controllable time units of 10, 30, 100, 300, and manual control seconds. The 30 second counting time will likely be the standard for this test. The time may change for either or both sources depending on the actual sample matrix encountered in the field.
The primary operator will receive one day's training on the proper use of the instrument particularly for health and safety purposes. The manufacturer's statement on radiation safety is also attached. Each operator will have a gamma film badge service (monthly) and will have the dates and times used logged in the record book specifically kept for this purpose.
Calibration of the unit will be provided by the following method:
The XRF will be calibrated before being taken in the field by developing response curves of index values verses actual concentrations of metals in soils. Numerous samples have been analyzed through the CLP program for metals content and splits of these samples are archived in Helena. These splits will be used to develop the response curves so that the index values that are generated in the field can be converted into concentrations. These concentrations will then be used to help direct the soil sampling program for laboratory samples. The XRF will also be calibrated using the internal standards as recommended by the manufacturer. This internal calibration will be performed, each day of use, in the morning, at noon and at the end of the day. Time, temperature and calibration data will be noted during each calibration in the field logbook.
Data for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, As, and Ni will be recorded in the field logbook or on standard forms.
To obtain the best quantitative XRF results, a uniform volume of soil material of generally the same particle size will be used. The sample should be prepared in the following manner: (1) Disaggregate and homogenize field moist sample, foreign objects such as rocks, twigs, roots, etc.; (2) Dry sample preferably overnight in an over set at approximately 105oC; (3) Cool sample to room temperature; (4) Sieve sample through a 2 mm nonmetallic sieve; (5) homogenize sieved sample; and, (6) Place sample in a 2-inch petri dish.
The soil material will be well packed in the petri dish and the top surface should be uniformly smoothed to the level of the petri dish edges. The head of the XRF should then be placed over the petri dish.
If soil is sticking to the XRF, place a piece of Saran Wrap over the petri dish. If any dust sticks to the head of the XRF, clean it with a fine-bristle paint brush.

SOP-23: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETER (XRF) USE AND CALIBRATION
The chemical characterization of soil samples in the field will be determined by the field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer ATX-100 instrument manufactured by Aurora Tech, Inc, Salt Lake City, Utah. The instrument uses low level self-contained and shielded radioactive sources that produce spectral peaks whose position (energy level) is specific to an individual element and whose peak height or area which is indicative of the concentration of that element within the area exposed to the source. Two sources will be used, cadmium-109 (15 millicuries) and Iron-55 (100 millicuries) implaced by the manufacturer. These sources allow semiquantitative determination of the copper, zinc, arsenic, iron, manganese and lead concentrations. Additional elements that will be monitored include chromium, barium, cobalt, nickel, selenium, and molybdenum.
The detection limit for each parameter is a function of source strength, geometry/particle size, counting time, and the concentration of other elements. Since the source strength and instrument geometry are constants, the detection limit is dependent on geometry/particle size, counting time, and concentration. It has been demonstrated that 80 mesh particle size dominantly composed of a siliceous or calcareous skeletal matrix will give analytical results within 20 percent. The larger the particle size, the larger the error. A rock made up of fine-grained minerals, however, will essentially have the same precision and accuracy as a finely ground sample. Soil samples will be screened and all particles greater than 2 mm (No. 10 sieve) will be removed.
The counting time also affects the detection limit. In general, the longer the counting time, the lower the detection limit, and certainly the higher the precision and accuracy. The instrument has controllable time units of 10, 30, 100, 300, and manual control seconds. The 30 second counting time will likely be the standard for this test. The time may change for either or both sources depending on the actual sample matrix encountered in the field.
The primary operator will receive one day's training on the proper use of the instrument particularly for health and safety purposes. The manufacturer's statement on radiation safety is also attached. Each operator will have a gamma film badge service (monthly) and will have the dates and times used logged in the record book specifically kept for this purpose.
Calibration of the unit will be provided by the following method:
The XRF will be calibrated before being taken in the field by developing response curves of index values verses actual concentrations of metals in soils. Numerous samples have been analyzed through the CLP program for metals content and splits of these samples are archived in Helena. These splits will be used to develop the response curves so that the index values that are generated in the field can be converted into concentrations. These concentrations will then be used to help direct the soil sampling program for laboratory samples. The XRF will also be calibrated using the internal standards as recommended by the manufacturer. This internal calibration will be performed, each day of use, in the morning, at noon and at the end of the day. Time, temperature and calibration data will be noted during each calibration in the field logbook.
Data for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, As, and Ni will be recorded in the field logbook or on standard forms.
To obtain the best quantitative XRF results, a uniform volume of soil material of generally the same particle size will be used. The sample should be prepared in the following manner: (1) Disaggregate and homogenize field moist sample, foreign objects such as rocks, twigs, roots, etc.; (2) Dry sample preferably overnight in an over set at approximately 105oC; (3) Cool sample to room temperature; (4) Sieve sample through a 2 mm nonmetallic sieve; (5) homogenize sieved sample; and, (6) Place sample in a 2-inch petri dish.
The soil material will be well packed in the petri dish and the top surface should be uniformly smoothed to the level of the petri dish edges. The head of the XRF should then be placed over the petri dish.
If soil is sticking to the XRF, place a piece of Saran Wrap over the petri dish. If any dust sticks to the head of the XRF, clean it with a fine-bristle paint brush.

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SOP-24: SOIL SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION
The DCO will direct all packaging and shipping procedures in the field. Each of the three field scientists will be responsible for a specific task to ensure consistency.
Procedure
- 1. All soil sampling, decontamination, QA/QC samples, sample splits, and pH and SC measurement should be completed for each sample.
- 2. Upon filling a soil sample container, a field scientist will place a completed EPA custody seal over the top of the container. The custody seal serves two purposes. It secures custody of the sample and it secures the lid of the container.
- 3. An EPA sample tag is completed by a field scientist, and is taped securely to the sample container.
- 4. The soil samples will then be placed into a cooler labeled "SOIL SAMPLES", with the site identification and date also written on the cooler top. Since soil samples will be in glass ICHEM jars, they will be packed with vermiculite to prevent breakage. The cooler will be packed full, so there is no empty space for the contents to move about.
- 5. When the cooler is full, or when the sample collection is complete, the correct Chain-of-Custody, Inorganic Traffic Report (ITR) and Special Analytical Service (SAS) packing list can be completed at a later date. A prenumbered airbill will be assigned to that cooler.
- 6. The DCO will double check the forms to assure those samples mentioned on the COC, ITR and SAS are all present and accounted for in the cooler. He/she will document this on the ITR, SAS Packing List and Sample ID Matrix.
- 7. The cooler will be clearly marked "FRAGILE/THIS SIDE UP" on all four sides and the top as appropriate.
- 8. The DCO will then place the proper COC, and SAS, SIDM, and Packing Lists in a ziplock bag, taped to the inside roof of the cooler.
- 9. The DCO or field scientist will then close the cooler and affix the airbill to the top of the cooler.
- 10. The DCO or field scientist will then seal the cooler and place the appropriate custody seals (one in front and one in back), signed and dated, on the cooler.
- 11. The field scientist will then place fiberglass tape over the custody seals and around the cooler, making sure everything is secure.
- 12. The cooler will be labeled as to type of samples and date of sampling, with a large felt-type pen. A CH2M HILL label will also be placed on top of the cooler so the laboratory will return the cooler to them.
- 13. The cooler(s) will then be transported to a secure storage facility, where they can be kept under custody until they are shipped.

SOP-24: SOIL SAMPLE PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION
The DCO will direct all packaging and shipping procedures in the field. Each of the three field scientists will be responsible for a specific task to ensure consistency.
Procedure
1. All soil sampling, decontamination, QA/QC samples, sample splits, and pH and SC measurement should be completed for each sample.
2. Upon filling a soil sample container, a field scientist will place a completed EPA custody seal over the top of the container. The custody seal serves two purposes. It secures custody of the sample and it secures the lid of the container.
3. An EPA sample tag is completed by a field scientist, and is taped securely to the sample container.
4. The soil samples will then be placed into a cooler labeled "SOIL SAMPLES", with the site identification and date also written on the cooler top. Since soil samples will be in glass ICHEM jars, they will be packed with vermiculite to prevent breakage. The cooler will be packed full, so there is no empty space for the contents to move about.
5. When the cooler is full, or when the sample collection is complete, the correct Chain-of-Custody, Inorganic Traffic Report (ITR) and Special Analytical Service (SAS) packing list can be completed at a later date. A prenumbered airbill will be assigned to that cooler.
6. The DCO will double check the forms to assure those samples mentioned on the COC, ITR and SAS are all present and accounted for in the cooler. He/she will document this on the ITR, SAS Packing List and Sample ID Matrix.
7. The cooler will be clearly marked "FRAGILE/THIS SIDE UP" on all four sides and the top as appropriate.
8. The DCO will then place the proper COC, and SAS, SIDM, and Packing Lists in a ziplock bag, taped to the inside roof of the cooler.
9. The DCO or field scientist will then close the cooler and affix the airbill to the top of the cooler.
10. The DCO or field scientist will then seal the cooler and place the appropriate custody seals (one in front and one in back), signed and dated, on the cooler.
11. The field scientist will then place fiberglass tape over the custody seals and around the cooler, making sure everything is secure.
12. The cooler will be labeled as to type of samples and date of sampling, with a large felt-type pen. A CH2M HILL label will also be placed on top of the cooler so the laboratory will return the cooler to them.
13. The cooler(s) will then be transported to a secure storage facility, where they can be kept under custody until they are shipped.

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SOP-25: SOILS PAPERWORK AUDIT
Complete and accurate sample documentation is essential to insure data integrity and validity. It will be the responsibility of the Document Control Officer (DCO) to assure that all QA/QC goals are met. A final check to see that all proper physical sample handling, QA/QC, and data control protocols have been followed to help insure a useable data base.
The documents to be completed during the field sampling exercises are:
FDF Number
- 1. Site description.
- 2. Horizon description form
- 3. XRF data form
- 4. pH and SC data form
- 5. Chain-of-Custody Records
- 6. SAS Packing Lists
- 7. EPA sample tags
- 8. Sample ID Matrix, Rapid Carrier Forms
- 9. Daily Site Condition/Activity Form
All documents will follow strict chain-of-custody procedures. While in the field, documents will be in the custody of the DCO. After the field work has been completed, photocopies of the documents will be used as working documents. The original log books will be transferred to CH2M HILL with chain-of-custody.
The purpose of field documents is to contain enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without the aid of the field crew. It will be the DCO's responsibility to assure the sufficient detail, correctness and legal integrity of the documents. All entries will be made in indelible ink and all corrections will consist of initialed and dated line-out deletions. At the completion of each sampling day, the entries will be initialed and dated by both the DCO and the original author. A line will be drawn through the remaining page to prevent unauthorized additions.
Station Location
Each sample will be given a STATION LOCATION code. The STATION LOCATION will be recorded on the:
- 1. Sample Identification Matrix
- 2. Site Map
- 3. Chain-of-Custody Records
- 4. Sample Tags
The STATION LOCATION code will identify each individual sample using a seven-digit alpha/numeric code.
- 1. The detailed soil samples site number will be numbered sequentially from 1 to 12.
- 2. The sampling dates will be noted on all field data forms.
- 3. Each sample collected will be assigned a sequential number. Samplers will be referring to the Sample Identification Matrix for correct sample collection and labeling.
- 4. Appended to the code will be the Sample Matrix (i.e. the type of soil sample being collected).
Example: Station Location = 12-9-S
This sample was collected from the 12th site, was the ninth sample collected, and was soil. Referring to the Sample Identification Matrix further reveals this sample to be a Natural sample of total metals.

SOP-25: SOILS PAPERWORK AUDIT
Complete and accurate sample documentation is essential to insure data integrity and validity. It will be the responsibility of the Document Control Officer (DCO) to assure that all QA/QC goals are met. A final check to see that all proper physical sample handling, QA/QC, and data control protocols have been followed to help insure a useable data base.
The documents to be completed during the field sampling exercises are:
FDF Number
1. Site description.
2. Horizon description form
3. XRF data form
4. pH and SC data form
5. Chain-of-Custody Records
6. SAS Packing Lists
7. EPA sample tags
8. Sample ID Matrix, Rapid Carrier Forms
9. Daily Site Condition/Activity Form
All documents will follow strict chain-of-custody procedures. While in the field, documents will be in the custody of the DCO. After the field work has been completed, photocopies of the documents will be used as working documents. The original log books will be transferred to CH2M HILL with chain-of-custody.
The purpose of field documents is to contain enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without the aid of the field crew. It will be the DCO's responsibility to assure the sufficient detail, correctness and legal integrity of the documents. All entries will be made in indelible ink and all corrections will consist of initialed and dated line-out deletions. At the completion of each sampling day, the entries will be initialed and dated by both the DCO and the original author. A line will be drawn through the remaining page to prevent unauthorized additions.
Station Location
Each sample will be given a STATION LOCATION code. The STATION LOCATION will be recorded on the:
1. Sample Identification Matrix
2. Site Map
3. Chain-of-Custody Records
4. Sample Tags
The STATION LOCATION code will identify each individual sample using a seven-digit alpha/numeric code.
1. The detailed soil samples site number will be numbered sequentially from 1 to 12.
2. The sampling dates will be noted on all field data forms.
3. Each sample collected will be assigned a sequential number. Samplers will be referring to the Sample Identification Matrix for correct sample collection and labeling.
4. Appended to the code will be the Sample Matrix (i.e. the type of soil sample being collected).
Example: Station Location = 12-9-S
This sample was collected from the 12th site, was the ninth sample collected, and was soil. Referring to the Sample Identification Matrix further reveals this sample to be a Natural sample of total metals.

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SOP-26: AQUIFER TESTING
Pumping Tests
- 1. Measure water levels in the pumping well and all observation wells daily for several days prior to the test to document water table fluctuation. It is preferable to install a continuous water level recorder to obtain this information.
- 2. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment decontaminated and in good repair.
- 3. Set-up equipment; insure discharge hose/piping is directed away from test area such that the discharge will not influence the test. Obtain any necessary sanitary sewer or other discharge permits.
- 4. Choose pump size based on expected well yield reported from previous pumping tests or from the well development logs. It is important to stress the aquifer during the pumping test yet have enough available drawdown for the expected duration of the test.
- 5. Obtain water level data prior to the test in the pumping well and in all observation wells. Record all data on standardized field forms.
- 6. Begin trial pumping test by maintaining a constant discharge rate and measuring drawdown in the pumping well with an electric well probe or a pressure transducer. Determine if pumping rate is appropriate for the length of the test. Adjust discharge rate as necessary. Terminate trial test and allow water levels to recover to prepumping elevations.
- 7. Prepare for constant discharge test by coordinating all personnel involved. Collect water level data every 30 seconds for the first five minutes of the test, every minute for the next five minutes, every two minutes for minutes 10 through 20 of the test, every five minutes for minutes 20 through 40, every 10 minutes for minutes 40 through 60, every 15 minutes for minutes 60 through 100, every 30 minutes for minutes 100 through 1000, and every 60 minutes for the remainder of the test. Following termination of the constant discharge test, collect water level recovery data in a sequence similar to that above with the most frequent measurements obtained early in the recovery tests.
- 8. During the constant discharge test, obtain measurements of discharge periodically and record on field forms. Adjust discharge as necessary to maintain consistency. Measure field parameters, including pH, SC, and temperature at the time of discharge measurements.
- 9. Record all data on standard field forms and plot drawdown and recovery curves in the field in accordance with methods described in Lohman (1972) or other appropriate techniques as conditions or aquifer type warrant. Note any irregularities in the test on field forms.
- 10. Upon completion of aquifer testing, decontaminate all equipment prior to exiting the project area.
Reference: Lohman, S.W. 1972. Ground Water Hydraulics. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708. Washington.
Slug Testing
- 1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good repair.
- 2. Insert pressure transducer (if applicable) into well to be tested and allow to stabilize. Measure and record static water level prior to initiation of test.
- 3. Perform test by either withdrawing a known volume of water or inserting a cylinder of know dimensions. Record water level recovery data at frequent intervals on a standardized field form. Measurement frequency should continuously initially, decreasing to every five minutes after approximately 15 minutes into the test. It is preferable to use a continuously recordin pressure transducer to record recovery data as data obtained early in the test are typically the most valuable data for slug testing. Record data until recovery is about 95 percent complete.
- 4. Analyze recorded data in the field in accordance with procedures described in U.S. Department of the Navy (1974), Hvorslev (1951) and/or any other appropriate techniques for the type aquifer being tested.
- 5. Note any irregularities in test procedures on the field forms.
- 6. Decontaminate all field equipment prior to leaving each site.
References: Hvorslev, J.M. 1951. Time lag and soil permeability in ground water observations. Bulletin 36. U.S. Corps of Engineers, Waterways Exp. Sta., Vicksburg, MS. U.S. Department of the Navy. 1974. Naval Facilities Engineering Command

SOP-26: AQUIFER TESTING
Pumping Tests
1. Measure water levels in the pumping well and all observation wells daily for several days prior to the test to document water table fluctuation. It is preferable to install a continuous water level recorder to obtain this information.
2. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment decontaminated and in good repair.
3. Set-up equipment; insure discharge hose/piping is directed away from test area such that the discharge will not influence the test. Obtain any necessary sanitary sewer or other discharge permits.
4. Choose pump size based on expected well yield reported from previous pumping tests or from the well development logs. It is important to stress the aquifer during the pumping test yet have enough available drawdown for the expected duration of the test.
5. Obtain water level data prior to the test in the pumping well and in all observation wells. Record all data on standardized field forms.
6. Begin trial pumping test by maintaining a constant discharge rate and measuring drawdown in the pumping well with an electric well probe or a pressure transducer. Determine if pumping rate is appropriate for the length of the test. Adjust discharge rate as necessary. Terminate trial test and allow water levels to recover to prepumping elevations.
7. Prepare for constant discharge test by coordinating all personnel involved. Collect water level data every 30 seconds for the first five minutes of the test, every minute for the next five minutes, every two minutes for minutes 10 through 20 of the test, every five minutes for minutes 20 through 40, every 10 minutes for minutes 40 through 60, every 15 minutes for minutes 60 through 100, every 30 minutes for minutes 100 through 1000, and every 60 minutes for the remainder of the test. Following termination of the constant discharge test, collect water level recovery data in a sequence similar to that above with the most frequent measurements obtained early in the recovery tests.
8. During the constant discharge test, obtain measurements of discharge periodically and record on field forms. Adjust discharge as necessary to maintain consistency. Measure field parameters, including pH, SC, and temperature at the time of discharge measurements.
9. Record all data on standard field forms and plot drawdown and recovery curves in the field in accordance with methods described in Lohman (1972) or other appropriate techniques as conditions or aquifer type warrant. Note any irregularities in the test on field forms.
10. Upon completion of aquifer testing, decontaminate all equipment prior to exiting the project area.
Reference: Lohman, S.W. 1972. Ground Water Hydraulics. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 708. Washington.
Slug Testing
1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good repair.
2. Insert pressure transducer (if applicable) into well to be tested and allow to stabilize. Measure and record static water level prior to initiation of test.
3. Perform test by either withdrawing a known volume of water or inserting a cylinder of know dimensions. Record water level recovery data at frequent intervals on a standardized field form. Measurement frequency should continuously initially, decreasing to every five minutes after approximately 15 minutes into the test. It is preferable to use a continuously recordin pressure transducer to record recovery data as data obtained early in the test are typically the most valuable data for slug testing. Record data until recovery is about 95 percent complete.
4. Analyze recorded data in the field in accordance with procedures described in U.S. Department of the Navy (1974), Hvorslev (1951) and/or any other appropriate techniques for the type aquifer being tested.
5. Note any irregularities in test procedures on the field forms.
6. Decontaminate all field equipment prior to leaving each site.
References: Hvorslev, J.M. 1951. Time lag and soil permeability in ground water observations. Bulletin 36. U.S. Corps of Engineers, Waterways Exp. Sta., Vicksburg, MS. U.S. Department of the Navy. 1974. Naval Facilities Engineering Command

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SOP-27: PHOTOIONIZATION DEVICE (PID) OPERATION
- 1.Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
- 2.Calibrate PID for contaminants to be measured in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
- 3.Insert vent pipe into surface to the desired depth by pushing or pounding methods.
- 4.Apply vacuum to the vent pipe to obtain a sample of air from the zone of interest. Apply vacuum at the same suction and for the same duration at each site.
- 5.Remove vacuum and insert tygon tube connected to the PID into the vent tube. Record value measured on the PID after stabilization.
- 6.Remove vent pipe and decontaminate by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution making certain all vent holes are free of debris. Allow vent pipe to air dry. Insure decontamination is complete by applying vacuum and measuring vent pipe in open air with PID.

SOP-27: PHOTOIONIZATION DEVICE (PID) OPERATION
1.Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
2.Calibrate PID for contaminants to be measured in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
3.Insert vent pipe into surface to the desired depth by pushing or pounding methods.
4.Apply vacuum to the vent pipe to obtain a sample of air from the zone of interest. Apply vacuum at the same suction and for the same duration at each site.
5.Remove vacuum and insert tygon tube connected to the PID into the vent tube. Record value measured on the PID after stabilization.
6.Remove vent pipe and decontaminate by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution making certain all vent holes are free of debris. Allow vent pipe to air dry. Insure decontamination is complete by applying vacuum and measuring vent pipe in open air with PID.

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SOP-28: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF REDOX POTENTIAL (Eh)
- 1. Calibrate instrument in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations daily or more frequently if conditions warrant.
- 2. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
- 3. Rinse Eh electrode with deionized water.
- 4. Fill beaker with sample water; minimize agitation.
- 5. Immerse electrode in sample and allow several minutes for the probe to equilibrate with the water.
- 6. Turn on meter. Obtain reading to nearest ten millivolts.
- 7. Record reading on standardized field forms or in the field book. Note any problems such as erratic readings.
- 8. Rinse probe with deionized water and store according to manufacturer's directions.

SOP-28: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF REDOX POTENTIAL (Eh)
1. Calibrate instrument in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations daily or more frequently if conditions warrant.
2. Rinse decontaminated glass beaker with approximately 50 milliliters of sample water three times.
3. Rinse Eh electrode with deionized water.
4. Fill beaker with sample water; minimize agitation.
5. Immerse electrode in sample and allow several minutes for the probe to equilibrate with the water.
6. Turn on meter. Obtain reading to nearest ten millivolts.
7. Record reading on standardized field forms or in the field book. Note any problems such as erratic readings.
8. Rinse probe with deionized water and store according to manufacturer's directions.

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SOP-29: FIELD SURVEYING
- 1. Identify locations of USGS or NGS benchmarks proximal to the study area.
- 2. Establish at least two bench marks on or near the study area; these are typically established by driving a spike into a telephone pole or by clearly marking a permanent landmark.
- 3. Establish the relationship between bench marks established near the study area and any identified USGS or NGS benchmarks both vertically and horizontally.
- 4. Establish horizontal control points throughout the area of interest at key locations. Establish relationship between control points using the direct and reverse horizontal and vertical angle methods.
- 5. Survey desired points (e.g. soil sample locations, monitoring well measuring points) using the direct and reverse horizontal and vertical angle methods. Obtain an accuracy of plus or minus 0.1 feet vertically and plus or minus one foot horizontally.
- 6. Record all data collected in a standardized format in the project field book.

SOP-29: FIELD SURVEYING
1. Identify locations of USGS or NGS benchmarks proximal to the study area.
2. Establish at least two bench marks on or near the study area; these are typically established by driving a spike into a telephone pole or by clearly marking a permanent landmark.
3. Establish the relationship between bench marks established near the study area and any identified USGS or NGS benchmarks both vertically and horizontally.
4. Establish horizontal control points throughout the area of interest at key locations. Establish relationship between control points using the direct and reverse horizontal and vertical angle methods.
5. Survey desired points (e.g. soil sample locations, monitoring well measuring points) using the direct and reverse horizontal and vertical angle methods. Obtain an accuracy of plus or minus 0.1 feet vertically and plus or minus one foot horizontally.
6. Record all data collected in a standardized format in the project field book.

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SOP-30: SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL FIELD METHODS
Electromagnetics (EM)
- 1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment in good working order.
- 2. Establish grid for subsequent profiling by using appropriate flagging and a tape measure. Grid density should be commensurate with detail desired from the profiling survey.
- 3. Calibrate EM instrument in accordance with manufacturer's directions. Background electrical values should be measured outside known or suspected contaminant areas.
- 4. Using an EM31-D, or its equivalent, begin profiling transects by continuously monitoring instrument readout. Stop at first flagged station, note and record instrument reading and station number on standardized field forms or in field book. Proceed with the transect repeating the process at other flagged stations. Note any anomalous instrument readings between flagged stations on field forms.
- 5. At each flagged station, obtain sounding measurement by rotating the coil apparatus 90 degrees. Note and record these values on the field form.
- 6. If utilities are present at the project site (e.g. power lines, buried linear features), make certain to note the location of these features and any anomalous EM readings resulting from the structures on the field form.
Resistivity Surveys
- 1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment to perform a field resistivity survey.
- 2. Establish resistivity traverse grid as described under EM, above.
- 3. Choose electrode spacing array in accordance with the project site and commensurate with project objectives. The three commonly used arrays include the Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole-dipole.
- 4. Calibrate equipment in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. As with the EM method, background values should be measured outside known or suspected contaminant areas.
- 5. Setup equipment at the first flagged site and emplace potential electrodes at desired locations and spacings. Inject current into ground.
- 6. Obtain readings from voltmeter and record. Calculate and plot apparent resistivities in the field as an immediate quality control check of data collected.
- 7. Repeat procedure at each station to obtain a resistivity profile of the project area.
- 8. To perform sounding surveys, vary the spacing of the electrodes at each site. Record data and make field determinations of apparent resistivity values.
- 9. Note any irregularities encountered both in resistivity values generated and in any utilities present within the study area.

SOP-30: SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL FIELD METHODS
Electromagnetics (EM)
1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment in good working order.
2. Establish grid for subsequent profiling by using appropriate flagging and a tape measure. Grid density should be commensurate with detail desired from the profiling survey.
3. Calibrate EM instrument in accordance with manufacturer's directions. Background electrical values should be measured outside known or suspected contaminant areas.
4. Using an EM31-D, or its equivalent, begin profiling transects by continuously monitoring instrument readout. Stop at first flagged station, note and record instrument reading and station number on standardized field forms or in field book. Proceed with the transect repeating the process at other flagged stations. Note any anomalous instrument readings between flagged stations on field forms.
5. At each flagged station, obtain sounding measurement by rotating the coil apparatus 90 degrees. Note and record these values on the field form.
6. If utilities are present at the project site (e.g. power lines, buried linear features), make certain to note the location of these features and any anomalous EM readings resulting from the structures on the field form.
Resistivity Surveys
1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment to perform a field resistivity survey.
2. Establish resistivity traverse grid as described under EM, above.
3. Choose electrode spacing array in accordance with the project site and commensurate with project objectives. The three commonly used arrays include the Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole-dipole.
4. Calibrate equipment in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. As with the EM method, background values should be measured outside known or suspected contaminant areas.
5. Setup equipment at the first flagged site and emplace potential electrodes at desired locations and spacings. Inject current into ground.
6. Obtain readings from voltmeter and record. Calculate and plot apparent resistivities in the field as an immediate quality control check of data collected.
7. Repeat procedure at each station to obtain a resistivity profile of the project area.
8. To perform sounding surveys, vary the spacing of the electrodes at each site. Record data and make field determinations of apparent resistivity values.
9. Note any irregularities encountered both in resistivity values generated and in any utilities present within the study area.

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SOP-31: POND BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLING
For purposes of this Field Operations Plan, it is assumed all pond bottom sediment sampling in open bodies of water will be performed during winter months when ice cover is of sufficient thickness to support field personnel and equipment. It is further assumed that for pond bottom sediment sampling of drained or abandoned ponds, where surface water is not present, access for relatively small drill rigs (e.g. auger rigs) is possible.
Ponds Containing Water
- 1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment in working order. Decontaminate equipment prior to use by using a stiff brush and Liquinox solution, rinse with deionized water, rinse with dilute nitric acid, rinse with deionized water. When sampling for organic parameters, insert a hexane rinse prior to the final rinse with deionized water.
- 2. Establish the safety of the ice cover at each sampling site by using an ice bar to determine ice thickness. A minimum ice thickness of six inches is necessary for a safe operating environment.
- 3. Create access for sampling by chopping an approximately one-foot diameter hole through the ice with an ice bar.
- 4. Sample flocculated sediments using a Kemmerer-type sampler or its equivalent. Lower Kemmerer to desired depth in a cocked position; send messenger down the hoisting line to trigger closure of the sampling container. Retrieve sample container and transfer sample to appropriate sample container. Enter sample data on appropriate field forms.
- 5. Sample accumulated sediments and the original pond bottom sediments by inserting a sludge sampling device equipped with a catch basket into the material. Push the sampler into the sediment until refusal is encountered. Extract the sampling device.
- 6. Retrieve transparent sampling tube from sampling device. Decant any fluid from the top of the sample tube. Visually inspect tube and note depths and thicknesses of the various stratigraphies on field form. Make certain that a sample of the original bottom material is contained in the sample tube. Denote on appropriate forms desired intervals for chemical analyses. Physically mark these same intervals on the sample tube.
If a sample of the original pond bottom material cannot be obtained using the sludge sampling equipment, it may be necessary to use a small lightweight skid-mounted drilling rig to obtain samples at depth. In this instance, advance casing in the borehole created by the drill rig to maintain the integrity of the borehole in the unconsolidated sediments. Upon reaching the desired sampling depth, equip the drilling rig with a split-spoon sampler to obtain sample. Remove temporary casing.
- 7. Ready sample tube for shipment to laboratory.
- 8. Decontaminate all equipment prior to leaving sample site.
Ponds Not Containing Water
- 1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good working order.
- 2. Set-up drill rig equipped with a split spoon sampler over desired sample site.
- 3. Obtain split spoon samples at three foot increments to a depth which intercepts the original pond bottom. Decontaminate split spoon between each sample retrieval. Place samples in plastic sampling bags denoting the interval sampled on the bag.
- 4. Prepare lithologic descriptions of samples during the collection process. Select approximately five sampled intervals for submittal to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Samples selected should be representative of the variability of material in the accumulated sediment and the underlying original pond bottom and provide for vertical changes in sediment chemistry.
- 5. Complete necessary paperwork for sample descriptions and sample shipping.
- 6. Decontaminate all sampling equipment prior to leaving each sample site.
Ponds Not Containing Water
- 1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good working order.
- 2. Set-up drill rig equipped with a split spoon sampler over desired sample site.
- 3. Obtain split spoon samples at three foot increments to a depth which intercepts the original pond bottom. Decontaminate split spoon between each sample retrieval. Place samples in plastic sampling bags denoting the interval sampled on the bag.
- 4. Prepare lithologic descriptions of samples during the collection process. Select approximately five sampled intervals for submittal to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Samples selected should be representative of the variability of material in the accumulated sediment and the underlying original pond bottom and provide for vertical changes in sediment chemistry.
- 5. Complete necessary paperwork for sample descriptions and sample shipping.
- 6. Decontaminate all sampling equipment prior to leaving each sample site.

SOP-31: POND BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLING
For purposes of this Field Operations Plan, it is assumed all pond bottom sediment sampling in open bodies of water will be performed during winter months when ice cover is of sufficient thickness to support field personnel and equipment. It is further assumed that for pond bottom sediment sampling of drained or abandoned ponds, where surface water is not present, access for relatively small drill rigs (e.g. auger rigs) is possible.
Ponds Containing Water
1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment in working order. Decontaminate equipment prior to use by using a stiff brush and Liquinox solution, rinse with deionized water, rinse with dilute nitric acid, rinse with deionized water. When sampling for organic parameters, insert a hexane rinse prior to the final rinse with deionized water.
2. Establish the safety of the ice cover at each sampling site by using an ice bar to determine ice thickness. A minimum ice thickness of six inches is necessary for a safe operating environment.
3. Create access for sampling by chopping an approximately one-foot diameter hole through the ice with an ice bar.
4. Sample flocculated sediments using a Kemmerer-type sampler or its equivalent. Lower Kemmerer to desired depth in a cocked position; send messenger down the hoisting line to trigger closure of the sampling container. Retrieve sample container and transfer sample to appropriate sample container. Enter sample data on appropriate field forms.
5. Sample accumulated sediments and the original pond bottom sediments by inserting a sludge sampling device equipped with a catch basket into the material. Push the sampler into the sediment until refusal is encountered. Extract the sampling device.
6. Retrieve transparent sampling tube from sampling device. Decant any fluid from the top of the sample tube. Visually inspect tube and note depths and thicknesses of the various stratigraphies on field form. Make certain that a sample of the original bottom material is contained in the sample tube. Denote on appropriate forms desired intervals for chemical analyses. Physically mark these same intervals on the sample tube.
If a sample of the original pond bottom material cannot be obtained using the sludge sampling equipment, it may be necessary to use a small lightweight skid-mounted drilling rig to obtain samples at depth. In this instance, advance casing in the borehole created by the drill rig to maintain the integrity of the borehole in the unconsolidated sediments. Upon reaching the desired sampling depth, equip the drilling rig with a split-spoon sampler to obtain sample. Remove temporary casing.
7. Ready sample tube for shipment to laboratory.
8. Decontaminate all equipment prior to leaving sample site.
Ponds Not Containing Water
1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good working order.
2. Set-up drill rig equipped with a split spoon sampler over desired sample site.
3. Obtain split spoon samples at three foot increments to a depth which intercepts the original pond bottom. Decontaminate split spoon between each sample retrieval. Place samples in plastic sampling bags denoting the interval sampled on the bag.
4. Prepare lithologic descriptions of samples during the collection process. Select approximately five sampled intervals for submittal to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Samples selected should be representative of the variability of material in the accumulated sediment and the underlying original pond bottom and provide for vertical changes in sediment chemistry.
5. Complete necessary paperwork for sample descriptions and sample shipping.
6. Decontaminate all sampling equipment prior to leaving each sample site.
Ponds Not Containing Water
1. Arrive on-site with all equipment decontaminated and in good working order.
2. Set-up drill rig equipped with a split spoon sampler over desired sample site.
3. Obtain split spoon samples at three foot increments to a depth which intercepts the original pond bottom. Decontaminate split spoon between each sample retrieval. Place samples in plastic sampling bags denoting the interval sampled on the bag.
4. Prepare lithologic descriptions of samples during the collection process. Select approximately five sampled intervals for submittal to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Samples selected should be representative of the variability of material in the accumulated sediment and the underlying original pond bottom and provide for vertical changes in sediment chemistry.
5. Complete necessary paperwork for sample descriptions and sample shipping.
6. Decontaminate all sampling equipment prior to leaving each sample site.

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SOP-32: PORE WATER SAMPLING
This SOP has been prepared to provide methodologies to obtain samples of pore water in accumulated sediment and in the original pond bottom sediment at ponds containing water. It is assumed pore water sampling will be completed during winter months when adequate ice cover is present to support field personnel and equipment. Collection of pore water in sediments contained in dry or drained ponds should be completed utilizing lysimeters (see SOP-32).
- 1. Decontaminate all equipment in accordance with SOP-11.
- 2. Determine ice thickness at each sampling site. A minimum ice thickness of six inches is necessary for a safe operating environment.
- 3. Cut an approximately one-foot diameter hole in the ice to provide access for sampling equipment.
- 4. Drive sandpoint casing with one-foot perforated interval to desired depth. Depths will typically correspond to intervals sampled for analysis of sediment chemistry.
- 5. Using bailer, evacuate at least three casing volumes of water from the sandpoint. Monitor field parameters for consistency. When field parameters are within plus or minus five percent during three consecutive measurements, sandpoint is ready for sampling.
- 6. Collect sample. Filter and preserve as appropriate. Complete necessary paperwork.
- 7. Remove sandpoint. Decontaminate all equipment.

SOP-32: PORE WATER SAMPLING
This SOP has been prepared to provide methodologies to obtain samples of pore water in accumulated sediment and in the original pond bottom sediment at ponds containing water. It is assumed pore water sampling will be completed during winter months when adequate ice cover is present to support field personnel and equipment. Collection of pore water in sediments contained in dry or drained ponds should be completed utilizing lysimeters (see SOP-32).
1. Decontaminate all equipment in accordance with SOP-11.
2. Determine ice thickness at each sampling site. A minimum ice thickness of six inches is necessary for a safe operating environment.
3. Cut an approximately one-foot diameter hole in the ice to provide access for sampling equipment.
4. Drive sandpoint casing with one-foot perforated interval to desired depth. Depths will typically correspond to intervals sampled for analysis of sediment chemistry.
5. Using bailer, evacuate at least three casing volumes of water from the sandpoint. Monitor field parameters for consistency. When field parameters are within plus or minus five percent during three consecutive measurements, sandpoint is ready for sampling.
6. Collect sample. Filter and preserve as appropriate. Complete necessary paperwork.
7. Remove sandpoint. Decontaminate all equipment.

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SOP-33: LYSIMETER INSTALLATION AND SAMPLING
Installation
- 1. Bore hole of sufficient diameter to desired depth to access lysimeter.
- 2. Implace a silica flour-deionized water slurry into the boring in the zone in which the porcelain bottom cup of the lysimeter will be placed.
- 3. Visually inspect the lysimeter apparatus for cracks or other irregularities; replace parts as necessary. Decontaminate and initiate fluid rinsing of the lysimeter in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
- 4. Insert the lysimeter into the silica flour slurry. Place a bentonite plug above silica flour slurry. Grout the remaining well annulus to the surface. Install a locking well protector.
- 5. Evacuate at least three volumes of fluid in the lysimeter to dewater the silica flour slurry prior to sample collection.
Sampling
- 1. Apply vacuum to appropriate port on lysimeter to attain a negative pressure of approximately 18 pounds per square inch (psi) on the system.
- 2. Install a pinch cock to maintain negative pressure after desired pressure is created. Allow lysimeter to operate under negative pressure for at least 24 hours, and up to one week, depending upon soil conditions.
- 3. Relieve negative pressure. Apply positive pressure to appropriate port at approximately five psi to force collected sample to the surface.
- 4. Collect sample in decontaminated beaker to perform field parameter tests. Collect sample for laboratory analysis in appropriate container. Complete all necessary paperwork.

SOP-33: LYSIMETER INSTALLATION AND SAMPLING
Installation
1. Bore hole of sufficient diameter to desired depth to access lysimeter.
2. Implace a silica flour-deionized water slurry into the boring in the zone in which the porcelain bottom cup of the lysimeter will be placed.
3. Visually inspect the lysimeter apparatus for cracks or other irregularities; replace parts as necessary. Decontaminate and initiate fluid rinsing of the lysimeter in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
4. Insert the lysimeter into the silica flour slurry. Place a bentonite plug above silica flour slurry. Grout the remaining well annulus to the surface. Install a locking well protector.
5. Evacuate at least three volumes of fluid in the lysimeter to dewater the silica flour slurry prior to sample collection.
Sampling
1. Apply vacuum to appropriate port on lysimeter to attain a negative pressure of approximately 18 pounds per square inch (psi) on the system.
2. Install a pinch cock to maintain negative pressure after desired pressure is created. Allow lysimeter to operate under negative pressure for at least 24 hours, and up to one week, depending upon soil conditions.
3. Relieve negative pressure. Apply positive pressure to appropriate port at approximately five psi to force collected sample to the surface.
4. Collect sample in decontaminated beaker to perform field parameter tests. Collect sample for laboratory analysis in appropriate container. Complete all necessary paperwork.

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SOP-34: POND SAMPLING
- 1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment to perform pond water sampling. Decontaminate sampling equipment in accordance with SOP-11.
- 2. Sound depth of water using a weighted measuring device; record data.
- 3. Lower cocked Kemmerer-type sampler to a depth between six and 24 inches below water surface. This depth should coincide with the interval that contains the most biota in the pond.
- 4. Send messenger down the sample line to activate the sampler into a closed position. Retrieve sampler.
- 5. Obtain sample from sampling device by opening sampling port. Analyze field parameters in accordance with NETSOPs 05, 06, 07, 08, and 28. Record all data on standardized field forms.
- 6. Fill sampling containers and filter and preserve samples as appropriate.
- 7. Decontaminate sampling equipment in accordance with SOP-11.

SOP-34: POND SAMPLING
- 1. Arrive on-site with all necessary equipment to perform pond water sampling. Decontaminate sampling equipment in accordance with SOP-11.
- 2. Sound depth of water using a weighted measuring device; record data.
- 3. Lower cocked Kemmerer-type sampler to a depth between six and 24 inches below water surface. This depth should coincide with the interval that contains the most biota in the pond.
- 4. Send messenger down the sample line to activate the sampler into a closed position. Retrieve sampler.
- 5. Obtain sample from sampling device by opening sampling port. Analyze field parameters in accordance with NETSOPs 05, 06, 07, 08, and 28. Record all data on standardized field forms.
- 6. Fill sampling containers and filter and preserve samples as appropriate.
- 7. Decontaminate sampling equipment in accordance with SOP-11.

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SOP-35: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF TURBIDITY
- 1. Obtain water sample in accordance with SOP-03 or by grab sampling, whichever is appropriate for site conditions.
- 2. Decontaminate turbidimeter in accordance with SOP-11.
- 3. Calibrate turbidimeter in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Be certain to use calibration standards which bracket expected turbidity values.
- 4. Obtain turbidity measurement from collected sample as soon after sampling as possible.
- 5. Record data on standardized field forms.
- 6. Decontaminate turbidimeter in accordance with SOP-11.

SOP-35: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF TURBIDITY
1. Obtain water sample in accordance with SOP-03 or by grab sampling, whichever is appropriate for site conditions.
2. Decontaminate turbidimeter in accordance with SOP-11.
3. Calibrate turbidimeter in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Be certain to use calibration standards which bracket expected turbidity values.
4. Obtain turbidity measurement from collected sample as soon after sampling as possible.
5. Record data on standardized field forms.
6. Decontaminate turbidimeter in accordance with SOP-11.

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SOP-36: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF SOILS FIELD PARAMETERS
- 1. Obtain soil sample in accordance with SOP-22.
- 2. Prepare soil paste from soil sample collected by diluting soil with deionized water at a ratio of one volume of soil to three volumes of deionized water in a decontaminated container.
- 3. Insert probes into the sample paste container and obtain field measurements in accordance with NETSOPs 05, 06, 07, and 28.
- 4. Decontaminate all field instrumentation and sample containers in accordance with SOP-11.
- 5. Record all collected data on standardized field forms.

SOP-36: FIELD MEASUREMENT OF SOILS FIELD PARAMETERS
1. Obtain soil sample in accordance with SOP-22.
2. Prepare soil paste from soil sample collected by diluting soil with deionized water at a ratio of one volume of soil to three volumes of deionized water in a decontaminated container.
3. Insert probes into the sample paste container and obtain field measurements in accordance with NETSOPs 05, 06, 07, and 28.
4. Decontaminate all field instrumentation and sample containers in accordance with SOP-11.
5. Record all collected data on standardized field forms.

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SOP-37: FIELD METHOD FOR SAMPLING WATER FOR ARSENIC SPECIATION
- 1. Collect water sample in accordance with NETSOPs 03, 18, or 32.
- 2. Field filter collected sample in accordance with SOP-04.
- 3. Acidify filtered sample with concentrated hydrochloric acid at a ratio of one milliliter of HCl to 100 milliliters of sample.
- 4. Place prepared sample into cooler maintained at a temperature of less than 4 degrees C.
- 5. Complete necessary paperwork.

SOP-37: FIELD METHOD FOR SAMPLING WATER FOR ARSENIC SPECIATION
1. Collect water sample in accordance with NETSOPs 03, 18, or 32.
2. Field filter collected sample in accordance with SOP-04.
3. Acidify filtered sample with concentrated hydrochloric acid at a ratio of one milliliter of HCl to 100 milliliters of sample.
4. Place prepared sample into cooler maintained at a temperature of less than 4 degrees C.
5. Complete necessary paperwork.

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SOP-38: FIELD FORMS VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
All pertinent field survey and sampling effort information shall be recorded on a field form during each day of the field effort and at each sample site. The field crew leader shall be responsible for ensuring that sufficient detail is recorded on the field forms. No general rules can specify the extent of information that must be entered on the field form. However, field forms shall contain sufficient information so that someone can reconstruct all field activity without relying on the memory of the field crew. All entries shall be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting. Each day's or site's entries will be initialed and dated at the end by the author. All corrections shall consist of line-out deletions which are initialed.
At a minimum, entries on the field sheet shall include:
- *Date and time of starting work and weather conditions
- *Names of field crew leader and team members
- *Project name or type
- *Description of site conditions and any unusual circumstances
- *Location of sample site, including map reference, if relevant
- *Equipment ID numbers
- *Details of actual work effort, particularly any deviations from the field operations plan or standard operating procedures
- *Field observations
- *Any field measurements made (e.g., Static Water Level, Dissolved Oxygen)
For sampling efforts, specific details for each sample should be recorded. In addition to the items listed above, the following general information should be included on the field form during sampling efforts:
- *Type and number of samples collected
- *Sampling method, particularly deviations from the operating procedures
- *Strict custody procedures shall be maintained with the field form utilized. While being used in the field, field forms shall remain with the field team at all times. Upon completion of the field effort, field forms shall be filed in an appropriately secure manner in a Northern office. Photocopies of the original field forms will be used as working documents.

SOP-38: FIELD FORMS VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
All pertinent field survey and sampling effort information shall be recorded on a field form during each day of the field effort and at each sample site. The field crew leader shall be responsible for ensuring that sufficient detail is recorded on the field forms. No general rules can specify the extent of information that must be entered on the field form. However, field forms shall contain sufficient information so that someone can reconstruct all field activity without relying on the memory of the field crew. All entries shall be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting. Each day's or site's entries will be initialed and dated at the end by the author. All corrections shall consist of line-out deletions which are initialed.
At a minimum, entries on the field sheet shall include:
*Date and time of starting work and weather conditions
*Names of field crew leader and team members
*Project name or type
*Description of site conditions and any unusual circumstances
*Location of sample site, including map reference, if relevant
*Equipment ID numbers
*Details of actual work effort, particularly any deviations from the field operations plan or standard operating procedures
*Field observations
*Any field measurements made (e.g., Static Water Level, Dissolved Oxygen)
For sampling efforts, specific details for each sample should be recorded. In addition to the items listed above, the following general information should be included on the field form during sampling efforts:
*Type and number of samples collected
*Sampling method, particularly deviations from the operating procedures
*Strict custody procedures shall be maintained with the field form utilized. While being used in the field, field forms shall remain with the field team at all times. Upon completion of the field effort, field forms shall be filed in an appropriately secure manner in a Northern office. Photocopies of the original field forms will be used as working documents.

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SOP-39: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT LIST FOR DECONTAMINATION
- 5-gallon plastic tubs
- 2-gallon pressurized garden sprayer
- 5-gallon plastic water-container
- 5-gallon carboy DI water
- 1% Liquinox (soap)
- 1-gallon cube of 10% Methanol or pesticide grade acetone
- Hard bristle brushes
- Garbage bags
- Latex gloves
- Paper towels
- Squeeze bottles
- Dish Soap
- Aluminum foil
The purpose of this section is to describe general decontamination procedures for field equipment that contacted contaminated soil or water. Sampling equipment must be decontaminated prior to the collection of each sample if it is not disposable.
Field personnel must wear disposable examination gloves while decontaminating equipment at the project site. Every precaution must be taken by personnel to prevent contaminating themselves with the wash water and rinse water used in the decontamination process.
The following should be done in order to ensure thorough decontamination:
- 1. Set up the decontamination zone approximately 15 feet upwind from the sampling area. This area will be designated by the field crew leader.
- 2. Visually inspect sampling equipment for contamination; use stiff brush to remove visible material.
- 3. The general decontamination sequence for field equipment includes: wash with a 1% Liquinox or its equivalent; DI water rinse; air dry; methanol rinse; DI water rinse; rinse with sample water three times.
All disposable items (e.g., paper towels, examination gloves, wash cloths) should be deposited into a garbage bag and disposed of in an approved landfill. Contaminated wash water does not have to be collected.
If vehicles used during sampling become contaminated, wash both inside and outside as necessary.
Sampling equipment should be wrapped between sampling stations with aluminum foil; shiny side out.

SOP-39: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT LIST FOR DECONTAMINATION
5-gallon plastic tubs
2-gallon pressurized garden sprayer
5-gallon plastic water-container
5-gallon carboy DI water
1% Liquinox (soap)
1-gallon cube of 10% Methanol or pesticide grade acetone
Hard bristle brushes
Garbage bags
Latex gloves
Paper towels
Squeeze bottles
Dish Soap
Aluminum foil
The purpose of this section is to describe general decontamination procedures for field equipment that contacted contaminated soil or water. Sampling equipment must be decontaminated prior to the collection of each sample if it is not disposable.
Field personnel must wear disposable examination gloves while decontaminating equipment at the project site. Every precaution must be taken by personnel to prevent contaminating themselves with the wash water and rinse water used in the decontamination process.
The following should be done in order to ensure thorough decontamination:
1. Set up the decontamination zone approximately 15 feet upwind from the sampling area. This area will be designated by the field crew leader.
2. Visually inspect sampling equipment for contamination; use stiff brush to remove visible material.
3. The general decontamination sequence for field equipment includes: wash with a 1% Liquinox or its equivalent; DI water rinse; air dry; methanol rinse; DI water rinse; rinse with sample water three times.
All disposable items (e.g., paper towels, examination gloves, wash cloths) should be deposited into a garbage bag and disposed of in an approved landfill. Contaminated wash water does not have to be collected.
If vehicles used during sampling become contaminated, wash both inside and outside as necessary.
Sampling equipment should be wrapped between sampling stations with aluminum foil; shiny side out.

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SOP-40: SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
The purpose in filling out field documents is to provide enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without relying on the memories of the field crew. It is the responsibility of the field crew leader to assure field documents contain sufficient detail, and are correct. All entries will be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting and all corrections will consist of initialed line-out deletions.
Documents to be completed for each sample generated during the Screening study are:
- *Field Form
- *Chain-of-Custody Form
- *Custody Seal
- *Packing Lists and Analysis
Responsibility for the completion of these forms will be with each field crew leader.

SOP-40: SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
The purpose in filling out field documents is to provide enough information to reconstruct the sampling event without relying on the memories of the field crew. It is the responsibility of the field crew leader to assure field documents contain sufficient detail, and are correct. All entries will be made in indelible ink weather conditions permitting and all corrections will consist of initialed line-out deletions.
Documents to be completed for each sample generated during the Screening study are:
*Field Form
*Chain-of-Custody Form
*Custody Seal
*Packing Lists and Analysis
Responsibility for the completion of these forms will be with each field crew leader.

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SOP-41: MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
- 1. Visually inspect all well development equipment for damage - repair as necessary.
- 2. Decontaminate all stingers, air hoses, surge blocks, bailers, pumps, etc. by following SOP-39.
- 3. If using compressed air method for well development, make certain compressor utilized is oil-free and does not produce air laden with hydraulic fluid for lubricating purposes. This may affect the integrity of the monitorin well for producing viable water quality data.
- 4. Develop well by using surging techniques (with compressed air surge block or bailer) followed by well evacuation. Repeat this procedure until evacuated water is clear and essentially sand-free.
- 5. Monitor field parometers (pH, SC, and temperature) during evacuation process. Record these data in field book or on field forms. When three consecutive measurements are within 5% of each other and evacuated water is visibly clear, development can be considered complete.
- 6. Report field observations on standard form or in field book.

SOP-41: MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT VOLATILE ORGANIC SAMPLING
1. Visually inspect all well development equipment for damage - repair as necessary.
2. Decontaminate all stingers, air hoses, surge blocks, bailers, pumps, etc. by following SOP-39.
3. If using compressed air method for well development, make certain compressor utilized is oil-free and does not produce air laden with hydraulic fluid for lubricating purposes. This may affect the integrity of the monitorin well for producing viable water quality data.
4. Develop well by using surging techniques (with compressed air surge block or bailer) followed by well evacuation. Repeat this procedure until evacuated water is clear and essentially sand-free.
5. Monitor field parometers (pH, SC, and temperature) during evacuation process. Record these data in field book or on field forms. When three consecutive measurements are within 5% of each other and evacuated water is visibly clear, development can be considered complete.
6. Report field observations on standard form or in field book.

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SOP-42: GROUNDWATER SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT LIST:
- Five gallon bucket graduated in gallons
- coolers and ice
- stop watch
- sample bottles
- bailer(s)
- preservatives
- bailer rope or teflon reel
- filter apparatus
- Field Sampling Forms
- decontamination equipment & fluids
- indelible marker
- water level probe
- pH meter/thermometer
General Procedure
Purging must be performed on all wells prior to sample collection. Depending on the stability of pH and conductivit readings, three or more borehole volumes of groundwater in casing and backfill (filter pack) shall be withdrawn prior to sample collection. The volume of water present in each well shall be computed using the length of water column, monitoring well inside diameter, borehole diameter, length of filter pack and porosity estimate of filter pack. Wells shall be checked for the presence of free product prior to purging and sampling, if appropriate.
Several general methods are used for well purging. Well purging may be achieved using bailers, bladder pumps and submersible pumps. The specific pumping method shall be chosen based on depth to groundwater, diameter of well, existing well configuration and contaminant(s) of concern. In all cases, pH, specific conductance, temperature, and purge volume values will be entered on the Field Sampling Forms.
Field parameters will be measured periodically during the discharge period. When the field parameters remain at plus or minus five percent over successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
If the recovery of a low-yield well exceeds two hours after purging, the sample shall be extracted as soon as sufficient volume is available in the well for a sample to be extracted. At no time will a monitoring well be pumped dry if the recharge rate causes formation water to cascade down the well casing causing an accelerated loss of volatiles and change in pH. Generally, wells shall be sampled from the least contaminated to the most contaminated, if known. All sampling equipment shall be inspected for damage, and repaired if necessary, prior to arriving on-site.
Monitoring Wells
- 1. Open well and obtain water level (SOP-20).
- 2. Use disposal surgical gloves throughout sampling procedure and new gloves for each sampling point.
- 3. Use a clean, decontaminated stainless steel or teflon bailer and a spool of polypropylene rope or equivalent bailer cord (teflon-coated stainless steel cable).
- 4. Tie a bowline knot through the bailer loop.
- 5. Remove aluminum foil wrapping from bailer, slowly lower it to the bottom of the well and remove an additional 5 feet of rope from the spool. Secure end of rope to steel well casing or wrist.
- 6. Purge well by bailing and place water in graduated 5 gallon bucket to compute total discharge volume.
- 7. Record all measurements on the Field Sampling Form (SOP-10)
- 8. Measure pH and specific conductance (SOP-05 and SOP-06).
- 9. Monitor field parameters (pH, specific conductance, and temperature) periodically during purging process. When purge volume is equal to 3 casing volumes, and/or when field parameters are within plus or minus five percent (+ 5%) over successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
- 10. Field filter sample as appropriate in accordance to SOP-04.
- 11. Sample well using appropriate sample containers and preservatives ("Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater", EPA-600/4-82-029, "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analyses of Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act", 40 CFR 136, and "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes," EPA SW-846).
- 12. Rinse sample containers, without preservatives, with sample water before final collection.
- 13. For volatile analyses add preservative to sample vial and fill vials at the rate of 100 milliliters per minute (24 seconds for 40 milliliter vial); form positive meniscus over vial brim and cap. After capping, invert vial, gently tap and look for air bubbles. If bubbles are present, un-cap vial, add more water and repeat procedure.
- 14. Label each sample container with project number, sample location, well owner, date, military time, sampler's initials, preservative, and analysis required.
- 15. Record all information on Field Sampling Form in accordance with SOP-10.
Domestic Wells
- 1. Open well and obtain water level (SOP-20).
- 2. Use disposable surgical gloves throughout sampling procedure and new gloves for each sampling point.
- 3. Turn-on household fixture (preferably an outside faucet) that is on the well-side of any household water conditioning device.
- 4. Measure discharge rate in a graduated 5 gallon bucket to compute total discharge volume.
- 5. Record all measurements on the Field Sampling Form (SOP-10).
- 6. Measure pH and specific conductance (SOP-05 and SOP-06).
- 7. Monitor field parameters (pH and specific conductance) periodically during purging process. When purge volume is equal to 3 casing volume, and/or when field parameters are within plus or minus ten percent (+ 10%) over 3 successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
- 8. Field filter sample as appropriate in accordance to SOP-04.
- 9. Sample well using appropriate sample containers and preservatives ("Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater", EPA-600/4-82-029, "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analyses of Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act", 40 CFR 136, and "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes," EPA SW-846).
- 10. Rinse sample containers, without preservatives, with sample water before final collection.
- 11. For volatile analyses add preservative to sample vial and fill vials at the rate of 100 milliliters per minute (24 seconds for 40 milliliter vial); form positive meniscus over vial brim and cap. After capping, invert vial, gently tap and look for air bubbles. If bubbles are present, un-cap vial, add more water and repeat procedure.
- 12. Label each sample container with project number, sample location, well owner, date, military time, sampler's initials, preservative, and analysis required.
- 13. Record all information on Field Sampling Form in accordance with SOP-10.

SOP-42: GROUNDWATER SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT LIST:
Five gallon bucket graduated in gallons
coolers and ice
stop watch
sample bottles
bailer(s)
preservatives
bailer rope or teflon reel
filter apparatus
Field Sampling Forms
decontamination equipment & fluids
indelible marker
water level probe
pH meter/thermometer
General Procedure
Purging must be performed on all wells prior to sample collection. Depending on the stability of pH and conductivit readings, three or more borehole volumes of groundwater in casing and backfill (filter pack) shall be withdrawn prior to sample collection. The volume of water present in each well shall be computed using the length of water column, monitoring well inside diameter, borehole diameter, length of filter pack and porosity estimate of filter pack. Wells shall be checked for the presence of free product prior to purging and sampling, if appropriate.
Several general methods are used for well purging. Well purging may be achieved using bailers, bladder pumps and submersible pumps. The specific pumping method shall be chosen based on depth to groundwater, diameter of well, existing well configuration and contaminant(s) of concern. In all cases, pH, specific conductance, temperature, and purge volume values will be entered on the Field Sampling Forms.
Field parameters will be measured periodically during the discharge period. When the field parameters remain at plus or minus five percent over successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
If the recovery of a low-yield well exceeds two hours after purging, the sample shall be extracted as soon as sufficient volume is available in the well for a sample to be extracted. At no time will a monitoring well be pumped dry if the recharge rate causes formation water to cascade down the well casing causing an accelerated loss of volatiles and change in pH. Generally, wells shall be sampled from the least contaminated to the most contaminated, if known. All sampling equipment shall be inspected for damage, and repaired if necessary, prior to arriving on-site.
Monitoring Wells
1. Open well and obtain water level (SOP-20).
2. Use disposal surgical gloves throughout sampling procedure and new gloves for each sampling point.
3. Use a clean, decontaminated stainless steel or teflon bailer and a spool of polypropylene rope or equivalent bailer cord (teflon-coated stainless steel cable).
4. Tie a bowline knot through the bailer loop.
5. Remove aluminum foil wrapping from bailer, slowly lower it to the bottom of the well and remove an additional 5 feet of rope from the spool. Secure end of rope to steel well casing or wrist.
6. Purge well by bailing and place water in graduated 5 gallon bucket to compute total discharge volume.
7. Record all measurements on the Field Sampling Form (SOP-10)
8. Measure pH and specific conductance (SOP-05 and SOP-06).
9. Monitor field parameters (pH, specific conductance, and temperature) periodically during purging process. When purge volume is equal to 3 casing volumes, and/or when field parameters are within plus or minus five percent (+ 5%) over successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
10. Field filter sample as appropriate in accordance to SOP-04.
11. Sample well using appropriate sample containers and preservatives ("Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater", EPA-600/4-82-029, "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analyses of Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act", 40 CFR 136, and "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes," EPA SW-846).
12. Rinse sample containers, without preservatives, with sample water before final collection.
13. For volatile analyses add preservative to sample vial and fill vials at the rate of 100 milliliters per minute (24 seconds for 40 milliliter vial); form positive meniscus over vial brim and cap. After capping, invert vial, gently tap and look for air bubbles. If bubbles are present, un-cap vial, add more water and repeat procedure.
14. Label each sample container with project number, sample location, well owner, date, military time, sampler's initials, preservative, and analysis required.
15. Record all information on Field Sampling Form in accordance with SOP-10.
Domestic Wells
1. Open well and obtain water level (SOP-20).
2. Use disposable surgical gloves throughout sampling procedure and new gloves for each sampling point.
3. Turn-on household fixture (preferably an outside faucet) that is on the well-side of any household water conditioning device.
4. Measure discharge rate in a graduated 5 gallon bucket to compute total discharge volume.
5. Record all measurements on the Field Sampling Form (SOP-10).
6. Measure pH and specific conductance (SOP-05 and SOP-06).
7. Monitor field parameters (pH and specific conductance) periodically during purging process. When purge volume is equal to 3 casing volume, and/or when field parameters are within plus or minus ten percent (+ 10%) over 3 successive readings the well is ready for sampling.
8. Field filter sample as appropriate in accordance to SOP-04.
9. Sample well using appropriate sample containers and preservatives ("Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater", EPA-600/4-82-029, "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analyses of Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act", 40 CFR 136, and "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes," EPA SW-846).
10. Rinse sample containers, without preservatives, with sample water before final collection.
11. For volatile analyses add preservative to sample vial and fill vials at the rate of 100 milliliters per minute (24 seconds for 40 milliliter vial); form positive meniscus over vial brim and cap. After capping, invert vial, gently tap and look for air bubbles. If bubbles are present, un-cap vial, add more water and repeat procedure.
12. Label each sample container with project number, sample location, well owner, date, military time, sampler's initials, preservative, and analysis required.
13. Record all information on Field Sampling Form in accordance with SOP-10.

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SOP-43: PHOTOIONIZATION DEVICE (PID) AND FLAMEIONIZATION DEVICE (FID) OPERATION
1 .Soil hydrocarbon survey using perforated probes.
- A. Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
- B. Calibrate PID or FID for contaminants to be measured in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
- C. Insert perforated probe into subsurface to the desired depth by pushing or pounding methods.
- D. Apply vacuum to the perforated probe pipe to obtain a sample of air from the zone of interest. Apply vacuum at the same suction and for the same duration at each site.
- E. Remove vacuum and insert tygon tube connected to the PID or FID into the perforated probe. Record value measured on the PID or FID after stabilization.
- F. Remove perforated probe and decontaminate by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution making certain all vent holes are free of debris. Allow perforated probe to air dry. Insure decontamination is complete by applying vacuum and measuring perforated probe in open air with PID or FID.
2. Subsurface hydrocarbon vapor survey using samples collected from boreholes.
- A. Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
- B. Calibrate PID or FID.
- C. Transfer material to be surveyed immediately from sampling device into clean one-quart glass jar. Fill jar approximately two-thirds full and seal jar with aluminum foil.
- D. Label sample jar.
- E. Allow sample to equilibrate for a consistent time to some consistent temperature that is higher than the ambient sample temperature.
- F. Puncture aluminum foil with PID or FID intake nozzle and allow instrument to stabilize, usually with 5 seconds of exposure to this "headspace" gas.
- G. Record stabilized instrument reading on standard field form.

SOP-43: PHOTOIONIZATION DEVICE (PID) AND FLAMEIONIZATION DEVICE (FID) OPERATION
1. Soil hydrocarbon survey using perforated probes.
A. Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
B. Calibrate PID or FID for contaminants to be measured in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
C. Insert perforated probe into subsurface to the desired depth by pushing or pounding methods.
D. Apply vacuum to the perforated probe pipe to obtain a sample of air from the zone of interest. Apply vacuum at the same suction and for the same duration at each site.
E. Remove vacuum and insert tygon tube connected to the PID or FID into the perforated probe. Record value measured on the PID or FID after stabilization.
F. Remove perforated probe and decontaminate by scrubbing with brush and Liquinox solution making certain all vent holes are free of debris. Allow perforated probe to air dry. Insure decontamination is complete by applying vacuum and measuring perforated probe in open air with PID or FID.
2. Subsurface hydrocarbon vapor survey using samples collected from boreholes.
A. Arrive on-site with decontaminated equipment in working order.
B. Calibrate PID or FID.
C. Transfer material to be surveyed immediately from sampling device into clean one-quart glass jar. Fill jar approximately two-thirds full and seal jar with aluminum foil.
D. Label sample jar.
E. Allow sample to equilibrate for a consistent time to some consistent temperature that is higher than the ambient sample temperature.
F. Puncture aluminum foil with PID or FID intake nozzle and allow instrument to stabilize, usually with 5 seconds of exposure to this "headspace" gas.
G. Record stabilized instrument reading on standard field form.

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SOP-44: SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HORIZON DESCRIPTION
Soil samples will be collected from the upper inch of the soil profile at locations where there is n or minimal vegetation. At each location, a one foot square board will be placed on the ground and an equal volume of soil from each corner of the board collected. Soil will be scraped from the ground with a plastic trowel and deposited directly into a plastic tub where it will be mixed and any clods broken up. At locations where grass or other vegetation is present, the sod root zone will be peeled back with a stainless steel knife and the upper inch of soil will be sampled as described above.
At each location selected for soil sampling,(ie: one residential lot, one playground), three individual sites at that location will be sampled if average XRF readings for metals from that location are within 50 percent of the highest readings obtained. Samples from each of the three sites will be combined in a plastic tub and mixed. If a particular location selected for soil sampling has one or two sites with XRF readings greater than 50 percent of the average of all the XRF readings at that location, only the one or two sites with the highest readings will be sampled.
Sample splits will be taken for use as replicates, pH, Eh, and SC determinations and XRF measurements. Samples will be split by mixing and dividing on a plastic sheet or by use of a mechanical soil splitter. Soil samples will be placed in 8-ounce I-CHEM jars with a plastic trowel. After each soil sample, all appropriate paperwork will be completed before moving to the next sample location.
Between sample collection, all equipment will be cleaned thoroughly with a stiff brush and rinsed with distilled water and paper towels. Equipment rinsate samples will be collected after decontamination as a cross-contamination blank at a frequency specified in the Field Sampling Plan (FSP). Bottle blanks, consisting of distilled water used for decontamination placed into a sampling jar, will also be inserted into the sample train at a frequency specified in the FSP.
Soil horizons will be described using standard morphological descriptions in use by USDA-SCS. In addition, the grain size of the soil will be described using the Unified Soil Classification System.

SOP-44: SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HORIZON DESCRIPTION
Soil samples will be collected from the upper inch of the soil profile at locations where there is n or minimal vegetation. At each location, a one foot square board will be placed on the ground and an equal volume of soil from each corner of the board collected. Soil will be scraped from the ground with a plastic trowel and deposited directly into a plastic tub where it will be mixed and any clods broken up. At locations where grass or other vegetation is present, the sod root zone will be peeled back with a stainless steel knife and the upper inch of soil will be sampled as described above.
At each location selected for soil sampling,(ie: one residential lot, one playground), three individual sites at that location will be sampled if average XRF readings for metals from that location are within 50 percent of the highest readings obtained. Samples from each of the three sites will be combined in a plastic tub and mixed. If a particular location selected for soil sampling has one or two sites with XRF readings greater than 50 percent of the average of all the XRF readings at that location, only the one or two sites with the highest readings will be sampled.
Sample splits will be taken for use as replicates, pH, Eh, and SC determinations and XRF measurements. Samples will be split by mixing and dividing on a plastic sheet or by use of a mechanical soil splitter. Soil samples will be placed in 8-ounce I-CHEM jars with a plastic trowel. After each soil sample, all appropriate paperwork will be completed before moving to the next sample location.
Between sample collection, all equipment will be cleaned thoroughly with a stiff brush and rinsed with distilled water and paper towels. Equipment rinsate samples will be collected after decontamination as a cross-contamination blank at a frequency specified in the Field Sampling Plan (FSP). Bottle blanks, consisting of distilled water used for decontamination placed into a sampling jar, will also be inserted into the sample train at a frequency specified in the FSP.
Soil horizons will be described using standard morphological descriptions in use by USDA-SCS. In addition, the grain size of the soil will be described using the Unified Soil Classification System.

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